烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寄生选择性

烟蚜茧蜂是多寄主型天敌,本文究了烟蚜茧蜂对绿色型或红色型桃蚜与萝卜蚜共存系统中各种蚜虫的寄生选择性,分析了烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寄生喜好性、选择性和转换行为等．实验中蚜虫总密度设置为60头,两种蚜虫的密度比例变化分别为1∶5,2∶4,3∶3,4∶2,5∶1．实验结果表明：共存系统中烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜的寄生作用明显强于对萝卜蚜的寄生作用,烟蚜茧蜂选择寄生的蚜虫桃蚜,烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寄生比例随各蚜虫密度的增加而增加,烟蚜茧蜂对红色型桃蚜与萝卜蚜组合的寄生作用高于对绿色型桃蚜与萝卜蚜组合的寄生作用．烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜具有正喜好性和负转换行为;对萝卜蚜具有负喜好性和正转换行为．     

贵阳市郊常规田间管理下两种蚜茧蜂种群数量变化特点

于2009年3月~2010年2月和2014年7月~11月2个时段,分别在花溪镇、青岩镇和永乐乡主要蔬菜基地对寄生桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)的蚜茧蜂(Aphidiidae)进行调查了定点定时的取样调查,调查其间没去干扰农户的田间常规管理(包括照常喷施农药)。结果显示:贵阳市两个区进行了贵阳市寄生十字花科蔬菜上蚜虫的蚜茧蜂主要是烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead和菜少脉蚜茧蜂Diaeretiella rapae M’intosh,田间虫口总量大体上是烟蚜茧蜂占2/3,菜少脉蚜茧蜂约占1/3,但某些局部菜地中菜少脉蚜茧蜂较多;在农民任意喷施杀虫剂的条件下,田间寄生率一般在0~10%之间波动;初步分析了蚜茧蜂数量与性比的关系;田间发现4种重寄生蜂,其中蚜虫蚜蝇跳小蜂Syrphophagus aphidivorus(Mayr)是寄生2种蚜茧蜂的优势种。首次反映了贵州菜地蚜茧蜂对菜蚜的自然抑制情况。     

西宁地区油菜蚜虫寄生蜂及重寄生蜂初步研究

西宁地区油菜蚜虫的寄生蜂为菜蚜茧蜂、燕麦蚜茧蜂和烟蚜茧蜂,优势种为菜蚜茧蜂,重寄生蜂为蚜虫金小蜂,雌雄性比分别为1．26：1、1：1、1：1和1．27：1．桃蚜和甘蓝蚜寄生蜂的寄生率在11．5％～18％之间,甘蓝蚜较低,在0．73％～1．44之间．蚜茧蜂在三种蚜虫上的寄生孵化率大约在85％左右,在西宁三个不同地区的寄生孵化率约为75％．     

2种蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的复合控制作用

研究了2种蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的复合控制作用,运用复合防控法(烟蚜茧蜂∶菜蚜茧蜂比例为1∶1)及单一防控法(烟蚜茧蜂)接蜂.结果表明:接蜂30d内复合防控寄生率比单一防控高,最大值为76.44%,烟蚜虫口减退率最大值为90.69%,出蜂量均显著高于单一防控,羽化率最大值为22.89%,烟株各部位僵蚜量、虫口减退率均高于单一防控.接蜂不同天数寄生率、虫口减退率、羽化率的差异均具有统计学意义(p0.05).蚜茧蜂复合防控烟蚜效果明显优于单一防控.     

广州石牌地区蚜茧蜂资源的初步调查

本文记述石牌地区蚜茧蜂的一些种类.计有:麦蚜茧蜂Ephedrus plagiator、黍蚜茧蜂Ephedrusn nacheri、燕麦蚜茧蜂Aghuduys avebae、烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis、翼蚜外茧蜂Praon volucre、菜蚜茧降Diaeretiella rapae和增加三叉蚜茧蜂Trioxrs(T.)auctus.     

新疆蚜茧蜂Aphidiidae初报

蚜茧蜂是蚜虫的重要寄生性天敌,我区过去在这方面研究较少,尚未有专门的报导。为摸清蚜茧蜂的资源,近几年作了一些调查和鉴定。现将结果整理如下。 一、新疆蚜茧蜂种的描述 据初步调查,已鉴定出7属15种。 (一)全脉蚜茧蜂属Ephedrus Haliday 1833 翅脉完全,前翅基脉外具有4个封闭的翅室,触角线状,雌虫11节。并胸腹节具叉脊和     

西宁地区油菜蚜虫蚜茧蜂的初步研究

西宁地区寄生油菜蚜虫的蚜茧蜂的优势种是菜蚜茧蜂，占８３．９％，田间寄生率以桃蚜最高，萝卜蚜次之，甘蓝蚜最低，蚜茧蜂卵的孵化率最高１００％，平均为８４．４３％，雌雄性比为１．２６３：１。     

烟蚜茧蜂规模扩繁冬寄主筛选研究

为筛选出烟蚜茧蜂（Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead）规模扩繁中的最佳繁蚜冬寄主,比较了自然条件下7种不同冬寄主上烟蚜的种群数量变化,烟蚜茧蜂对各寄主上烟蚜的防控效果及僵蚜羽化率.结果表明：烟蚜在7种寄主上种群数量的自然增长从大到小依次表现为烤烟K326、芥菜、芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜、萝卜、红菜薹、白菜;芥菜上烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率为70.56%,显著高于其他寄主;7种冬寄主上僵蚜羽化率均高于70%,其中芥菜最高,为97.33%,萝卜最低,为72.87%,二者差异具有统计学意义.烟蚜茧蜂均能寄生7种冬寄主植物上所饲养的烟蚜且僵蚜羽化率相对较高,但总体而言芥菜上烟蚜的种群数量增长较快,烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率和僵蚜羽化率均最高,可利用芥菜来替代烟草作为冬季繁蚜寄主,也可在春烟种植前对芥菜田释放烟蚜茧蜂使其在田间建立自然种群.     

烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜在寄主烟叶上定位时间的影响

研究烟蚜被烟蚜茧蜂寄生前后,在寄主烟叶上的定位时间,结果显示,烟蚜茧蜂的寄生,对各龄烟蚜在烟叶上的定位时间无显著影响(P0.05)。当烟蚜数量固定为5头时,烟蚜在烟叶上的定位时间与烟蚜茧蜂的数量、蜂-蚜距离呈显著的正相关,且蜂-蚜距离对烟蚜定位烟叶的影响比烟蚜茧蜂数量对其影响更大。当烟蚜数量固定为2头时,烟蚜数量、蜂-蚜距离对该烟蚜定位时间影响不显著(P0.05),但在烟蚜数量和蜂-蚜距离双因素的作用下对烟蚜定位时间存在显著性影响(P0.05)。研究结果说明烟蚜在烟叶上的定位时间不受烟蚜茧蜂寄生与否的影响。虽然烟蚜茧蜂没有直接寄生烟蚜,但可能由于烟蚜受到烟蚜茧蜂气味、激素及视觉等间接影响,从而延长了烟蚜在寄主烟叶上的定位时间。因此,试验结果可为烟田利用烟蚜茧蜂防控烟蚜及是否要继续释放烟蚜茧蜂、放蜂量多少等问题提供科学参考。     

西宁地区小麦蚜虫与蚜茧蜂的种群数量消长初步研究

西宁地区麦蚜有翅蚜产生的两个高峰分别在6月上中旬和7月中下旬，百茎蚜量分别为33和219头；三种麦蚜7月中旬达到高峰，其中麦二叉蚜发生量最大，其次为麦长管蚜，禾谷缢管蚜最少，百茎蚜量分别为8169头、5974头和248头。蚜茧蜂的发生在7月中旬达到高峰，百茎僵蚜量536头，但仍不足以控制麦蚜的危害。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with