不同状态的牛供核细胞对核移植胚胎发育的影响

比较了不同状态的牛供核细胞对核移植胚胎发育的影响．结果表明：体外培养2-5,6—10,11—15,16v20代的供核细胞的融合率和卵裂率没有差异,但随着体外培养代数的增加,重构卵发育到囊胚的比例下降．16—20代供核细胞组的囊胚率显著低于2—5和6—10代供核细胞组的囊胚率（分别为19．61％,26．67％和28．57％,P〈0．05）;来源于原代牛（G0）,克隆一代牛（G1）和克隆二代牛（G2）的供核细胞的融合率,卵裂率和囊胚率没有明显差异;对于新鲜供核细胞和冷冻供核细胞,胞质内注射法的重构卵率要明显高于透明带下注射法的重构卵率（分别为81．31％,67．96％和82．08％,52．94％,P〈0．05）,但各组重构卵的卵裂率和囊胚率没有差异,冷冻供核细胞结合胞质内注射法可以获得较好的核移植胚胎发育．     

昆明鼠胚胎干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的：从昆明系小鼠的早期胚胎分离和培养胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)．方法：收集小鼠3．5d胚龄的囊胚，将其培养在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上，5—6d后取隆起生长的内细胞团块分离后再培养，观察集落的生长情况并通过碱性磷酸酶染色、原位杂交、细胞核型分析等对细胞集落进行鉴定．结果：KS细胞集落性生长，符合小鼠胚胎干细胞的一系列特性．结论：昆明系小鼠囊胚在胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上可以发育成ES细胞，并能进行传代培养．     

实验用小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞为核供体生产转基因克隆胚胎

目的比较不同类型体细胞对生产转基因克隆胚胎效率的影响。方法利用脂质体介导的方法将质粒pEGFP-N1转染到五指山小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞,经过G418筛选后均获得了阳性细胞株。然后分别以两种类型转基因细胞以及未转基因细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植,比较不同类型供体细胞克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率。结果胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞克隆胚的囊胚发育率差异不显著(P>0.05,8.3%vs.7.1%);转基因胎儿成纤维细胞(9.6%)和转基因骨髓间充质细胞(9.9%)克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率差异不显著(P>0.05,9.6%vs.9.9%);每一种类型供体细胞转基因与否对克隆胚的囊胚发育率无影响(P>0.05)。结论通过体细胞核移植技术,小型猪骨髓间充质细胞与胎儿成纤维细胞均可有效地生产转基因囊胚。     

小鼠体细胞核移植及ES细胞样集落分离

利用小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植并从重构胚中分离胚胎干细胞(ES)样集落,以便对体细胞核移植重构胚来源的ES细胞样集落进行研究.结果显示,小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞作为核供体,核移植重构胚激活率为60.48%(254/420),囊胚发育率为6.90%(29/420),6个囊胚中分离出ES细胞样集落,分离率为1.43%(6/420),3个ES细胞样集落能够稳定传代,至第5代时核型正常率分别为77.84%,75.18%,77.20%.分离出的ES细胞样集落具有岛屿状团状隆起结构,碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性,体外可自发分化成上皮样或梭形细胞.实验证实小鼠唇部皮肤成纤维细胞能够支持体细胞核移植重构胚发育至囊胚,并能分离出可以稳定传代的ES细胞样集落.     

利用体细胞核移植技术生产黄牛和水牛同种、异种转基因克隆囊胚

以含neo和GFP基因双标记的水牛、黄牛胎儿成纤维细胞进行牛转基因体细胞核移植,结果发现：阿菲迪霉素可有效将胎儿成纤维细胞同步于G0／G1期;以GFP阳性细胞进行核移植,其卵裂率、囊胚率与对照组间无显著差异（P〉0．05）,所构建的重组胚,2-细胞阶段观察不到GFP的表达,4-细胞以后GFP的表达逐渐增强,在囊胚的内细胞团和滋养层细胞均可检测到GFP的表达,将黄牛同种转基因克隆囊胚进行移植,获得1例妊娠;黄牛卵母细胞-水牛供核细胞构建异种重组胚囊胚率显著高于黄牛供核细胞-水牛卵母细胞构建的异种重组胚（P〈0．05）,并且异种核移植重组胚中可检测到GFP表达,GFP可作为异种核移植胚胎来源的一种新标记．     

不同融合条件及激活方法对体细胞克隆绵羊胚胎发育的影响

对成年绵羊耳部皮肤细胞进行培养传代，将培养出的成纤维细胞经血清饥饿法处理后，作为核供体移植到MII期去核卵母细胞中进行核移植胚胎的生产，用细胞驰素B法与离子霉素＋6－DMAP法对核移植胚胎（重构胚）在电融合后进行化学激活，然后在38.6度，5％CO2，最大相对湿度条件下，进行体外培养（IVC），重构胚卵裂率分别为37．8％与43．8％（51／135与81／185），囊／桑葚胚率分别为9．8％和12．3％（5／51和10／81），在融合电压1．5kV/cm，持续时间30us，脉冲次数为2次的条件下，孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂率和囊／桑葚胚率分别为81．0％和12．9％。     

小鼠囊胚的不同遗传背景对形成ES细胞集落的影响

使用正常囊胚经过内细胞团增殖后的离散程序，比较了小鼠C57BL／6品系、129品系和C57BL／6与129杂交的囊胚在形成胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）集落上的差异。C57BL／6品系的正常囊胚经培养后只有17．4％的胚胎出现ES集落，细胞生长迅速但极易分化。129品系为41．0％，细胞生长比较缓慢。而杂交鼠胚易于出现ES细胞集落，高达75．0％，有利于ES细胞系的建立。文中讨论了在嵌合体工作中使用这种杂交鼠胚ES细胞的可能性。     

瘦素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及克隆猪妊娠率的影响

体细胞克隆猪在人类医学、基础科学研究和畜牧业生产方面均具有很大的应用潜力.为了提高体细胞克隆猪的效率,首先比较了两种基础成熟液NCSU-23和TCM199的体外成熟效果,然后在TCM199培养液的基础上,较系统地研究了添加不同浓度的瘦素对猪卵母细胞成熟、孤雌激活胚胎和克隆胚胎的体外发育以及克隆胚胎体内发育的影响.结果表明:成熟液中添加100ng/mL或200ng/mL瘦素对猪卵母细胞的核成熟没有显著影响(P>0.05);对孤雌激活卵裂率和克隆胚胎卵裂率也没有显著影响(P>0.05);但却显著提高了孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数,并且显著提高了克隆胚胎的囊胚率;当添加量为100ng/mL时,克隆囊胚的细胞数显著升高.另外,研究表明,瘦素很可能具有提高克隆胚胎移植妊娠率和妊娠到期率的作用.     

牛胚胎体外生产技术的应用研究

利用屠宰牛卵巢抽出的卵母细胞，以卵裂率和囊胚发育为标准，对牛胚胎体外生产过程进行了简化试验，结果显示：不加卵丘细胞的高密度卵母细胞体外成熟（１００－２００枚／平皿）可代替加卵丘细胞标准密度培养，其卵裂率和囊胚发育率没有显著变化，体外授精时间可从成熟培养后２２小时延长至２７小时，卵裂率和囊胚发育率均没有显著变化。卵母细胞体外成熟后可以不经洗涤直接移入受精滴，原成熟培养皿内残留孵丘细胞再培养４８小时形     

转基因和再克隆对克隆胚胎细胞凋亡的影响

细胞凋亡在着床前胚胎发育过程中发挥着重要作用,胚胎凋亡检测能为获得高质量的体细胞克隆胚胎提供有益信息,进而有助于提高克隆效率.用原位末端标记法对牛的转基因克隆和转基因再克隆囊胚进行了细胞凋亡检测,再克隆囊胚是利用转基因克隆牛的体细胞作为供体细胞进行体细胞核移植后获得的第二代克隆胚胎.结果表明转基因克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率显著低于非转基因克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率,而转基因克隆囊胚的细胞凋亡指数显著高于非转基因克隆胚胎的细胞凋亡指数.此外,转基因再克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率和胚胎细胞凋亡指数与非转基因克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率和胚胎细胞凋亡指数相比差异性不显著.结果表明早期的转基因克隆胚胎发育能力的减弱可能是由于供体细胞的基因转染和药物筛选过程导致的,而再克隆对其早期胚胎的发育能力没有负面影响.     

Embryonic stem cell as nuclear donor could promote in vitro development of the heterogeneous reconstructed embryo

The nucleus of a somatic cell could be dedifferentiated and reprogrammed in an enucleated heterogeneous oocyte. Some reconstructed oocytes could develop into blastocysts in vitro, and a few could develop into term normally after transferred into foster mothers, but most of cloning embryos fail to develop to term. In order to evaluate the efficacy of embryonic stem cell as nucleus donor in interspecific animal cloning, we reconstructed enucleated rabbit oocytes with nuclei from mouse ES cells, and analyzed the developmental ability of reconstructed embryos in vitro. Two kinds of fibroblast cells were used as donor control, one derived from ear skin of an adult Kunming albino mouse, and the other derived from a mouse fetus. Three types of cells were transferred into perivitelline space under zona pellucida of rabbit oocytes respectively. The reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated by electric pulses, and cultured in vitro. The developmental rate of reconstructed oocytes derived from embryonic stem cells was 16.1%, which was significantly higher than that of both the adult mouse fibroblast cells (0%-3.1%, P < 0.05) and fetus mouse fibroblast cells (2.1%-3.7%, P < 0.05). Chromosome analysis confirmed that blastocyst cells were derived from ES donor cell. These observations show that reprogramming is easier in interspecific embryos reconstructed with ES cells than that reconstructed with somatic cells, and that ES cells have the higher ability to direct the reconstructed embryos development normally than fibroblast cells.     

Effects of different nuclear recipients on developmental potential of mouse somatic nuclear transfer embryos

Somatic cell nuclear transfer has been succeeded in procedures of nuclear transfer. One is single nucleartransfer, the other is serial nuclear transfer. Viable animals have been cloned in different species using both me-thods[1—6]. Different nuclear recipients and donors wereused in serial nuclear transfer, namely, transferring thenuclear of reconstructed embryo into enucleated MⅡoocytes[7], transferring the nuclear of reconstructed em-bryos at one cell stage into enucleated zygote[4] and t…     

卵母细胞老化对小鼠体细胞克隆胚发育的影响

就小鼠卵母细胞的卵龄对克隆胚的体外发育能力的影响进行了检测,以确定最佳的取卵时间,以及取卵后进行核移植操作的可耐受的时间。采用PMSG和hCG超排B6D2F1雌鼠。在体内老化实验中,分别于注射hCG后13,15,17,20h取卵用于核移植操作;在体外老化实验中,所有的卵均于注射hCG后13h取出并培养,然后在13,15,17,20h进行核移植操作。每个时间点的核移植操作在1h内完成,重构的胚胎培养1h后进行激活。结果显示:在体内老化实验中,注射hCG后13h取卵,获得的克隆囊胚发育率最高,为56.0%,15h取卵仍维持了其支持胚胎体外发育的能力,但17h及更长时间后取的卵,重构后的囊胚发育率显著下降(18.1%)。注射hCG后15h取的卵孤雌发育率最高(囊胚发育率为90.1%),并在17h仍维持较高的孤雌发育能力,在20h显著下降。在体外老化试验中,于注射hCG后13h取卵,分别于13,15,17h重构,都获得了较高的囊胚发育率(分别为57.7%,52.2%,46.3%),而在注射hCG后20h重构,囊胚发育率显著下降(14.8%)。体外老化的孤雌胚在注射hCG后22h激活时囊胚发育率显著下降。结果表明:卵母细胞在体内和体外老化都影响克隆胚的体外发育,最佳取卵时间为注射hCG后13h,取卵后立即用于重构可获得最佳囊胚发育率;体内、外老化卵支持重构胚较好发育的时间间隔是不同的,体内老化卵支持重构胚发育能力从注射hCG后17h开始下降,体外老化卵则发生在20h。这些结果可以指导操作,有利于在应用核移植进行其他基础研究时降低操作引起的误差。     

Effects of different nuclear transfer and activation methods on the development of mouse somatic cell cloned embryos

A group of adult somatic cell cloned mice were obtained by using cumulus cells as nuclei donor cells. To study the effect of different nuclear transfer (NT) and activation methods on the development of mouse cloned embryos, embryos were reconstructed using two traditional NT methods (electrofusion and direct injection) and four activation treatments (electric pulse, ethanol, SrCl2 and electric pulse combined with SrCl2). The data showed that the efficiency of reconstruction using the direct injection method is significantly higher (90.7%) than that of the electrofusion method (49.7%). Parthenogenetic embryos can develop to blastocyst stage with three activation conditions, including ethanol, electric pulse and SrCl2; however, the rates of development to blastocyst after ethanol and electric pulse acti-vation (52.4%, 54.2%) are significantly lower than after SrCl2 activation (76.9%). Treatment of embryos for 6 h with 10 mmol/L SrCl2 was found to be the best condition for activation of parthenogenetic as well as reconstructed embryos. By contrast, reconstructed embryos failed to develop to blastocyst stage after being activated by ethanol. The use of either injection or electrofusion for embryo reconstruction affected the pre-implantation development. However, after transfer in pseudopregnant mice, cloned mice were obtained from both methods.     

兔ES样细胞系的建立及其特性分析

报道从２３７枚家兔胚胎中建成７个可连续传代的ＥＳ样细胞系。建系条件为，使用小鼠原始胚胎成纤维细胞（ＭＥ）作饲养层，以含１０％胎年血清和１０％兔血清的ＤＭＥＭ／Ｆ１２为培养基，添加白血病抑制因子（ＬＩＦ）或上皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ），胚龄为９０，９６ｈ。该细胞系的细胞。在许多方面类似于小鼠ＥＳ细胞，具干细胞的形态特征，呈集落型生长，可连续传代并保持其形态特征，具有一定的自发分化和诱导分化的能力，悬浮培养     

Effect of leptin on oocyte maturation and subsequent pregnancy rate of cloned embryos reconstructed by somatic cell nuclear transfer in pigs

Cloning pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT） has wide applications in basic research, human medicine and agricultural production. To improve cloning efficiency, the effect of two basic maturation media, NCSU-23 and TCM199, was compared, and TCM199 was selected for the following experiments with leptin. We systematically studied the effects of leptin supplementation on oocytes in vitro maturation （IVM）, in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated （PA） and SCNT embryos and in vivo development of SCNT embryos after embryo transfer （ET）. The results showed that supplementation of 100 or 200 ng/ml leptin into the maturation medium did not greatly affect nuclear maturation of oocytes, or cleavage rates of PA and SCNT （P 〉 0.05）. Blastocyst rates of PA and SCNT embryos were significantly improved when 100 or 200 ng/ml leptin was added to maturation medium, and the number of cells in PA blastocysts was also improved （P 〈 0.05）. The number of cells in blastocyst of SCNT was improved, when 100 ng/ml leptin was added （P 〈 0.05）. Furthermore, supplementation of 100 or 200 ng/ml leptin to the IVM medium may improve pregnancy rate and the delivery rate inpig cloning.     

Serial nuclear transfer improves the development of interspecies reconstructed giant panda (Aluropoda melanoleuca) embryos

Interspecies somatic nuclear transfer (NT) may provide a new approach for preservation of the endangered rare species. Previous interspecies cloning studies have shown that a nucleus from a quiescent somatic cell supports early development of reconstructed embryos in the ooplasm from another species. In this study, we transferred nonquiescent somatic cells from a giant panda into the perivitelline space of the enucleated rabbit oocytes. After electrofusion (at the rate of 71.6%) and electrical activation, 4.2% of the panda-rabbit reconstructed embryos developed to blastocyst in vitro. For improving the development rate of reconstructed embryos, we used serial NT in this study, i.e. blastomeres from reconstructed morulae were transferred into the perivitelline space of the enucleated rabbit oocytes. The fusion rates in the groups of serial I, serial II and serial III were 79.5%, 84.1% and 78.0%, respectively, having no difference with that of somatic group. And the blastocyst rates in serial NT groups were 19.4%, 13.5% and 10.3%, respectively, which are significantly higher than that in somatic NT group. These results indicate that the nuclei from nonquiescent somatic cells can support early development of reconstructed embryos and serial NT can improve the development rate of interspecies reconstructed embryos. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

Apoptosis of transgenic cloned and recloned bovine blastocysts

Apoptosis plays an important role in preimplantation embryonic development. Investigating mechanisms of apoptosis can provide useful information for obtaining high-quality embryos and help to improve cloning efficiency. Here, we investigated the incidence of blastomere apoptosis in transgenic blastocysts generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and recloning using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d-UTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Transgenic recloned embryos were the second generation SCNT embryos derived from the somatic cells of a transgenic SCNT calf. The blastocyst rate of transgenic SCNT embryos was lower than that of nontransgenic SCNT embryos. The incidence of apoptosis in transgenic SCNT embryos was higher than that of nontransgenic SCNT embryos. The blastocyst rate and the incidence of apoptosis in transgenic recloned embryos were similar to nontransgenic SCNT embryos. The process of donor cell transfection and drug selection may decrease the developmental capacity of transgenic SCNT embryos. Serial cloning did not influence the developmental capacity of transgenic recloned embryos.