Natural selection and adaptive evolution of leptin

Leptin is an adiposity-secreted hormone that is pivotal in regulating feeding behavior,energy metabolism and body mass.The study of leptin has been of crucial importance for public health and pharmaceutical intervention given its role in obesity.Generally,leptin is highly conserved due to its functional importance.However,episodes of rapid sequence evolution and positive selection have been observed in some mammalian species,indicating that the leptin functions in these animals may have undergone adaptive modification to their environments.In this article,we review the adaptive evolution of leptin and its potential functional consequences.This review is expected to guide future research of molecular evolution and functional assays of this gene,and also to provide a theoretical foundation for the use of leptin in therapeutic applications.     

Cold atoms and quantum control

This overview prefaces a collection of Insight review articles on the physics and applications of laser-cooled atoms. I will cast this work into a historical perspective in which laser cooling and trapping is seen as one of several research directions aimed at controlling the internal and external degrees of freedom of atoms and molecules.     

Collapse of long-range charge order tracked by time-resolved photoemission at high momenta

Intense femtosecond (10(-15)?s) light pulses can be used to transform electronic, magnetic and structural order in condensed-matter systems on timescales of electronic and atomic motion. This technique is particularly useful in the study and in the control of materials whose physical properties are governed by the interactions between multiple degrees of freedom. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is in this context a direct and comprehensive, energy- and momentum-selective probe of the ultrafast processes that couple to the electronic degrees of freedom. Previously, the capability of such studies to access electron momentum space away from zero momentum was, however, restricted owing to limitations of the available probing photon energy. Here, using femtosecond extreme-ultraviolet pulses delivered by a high-harmonic-generation source, we use time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to measure the photoinduced vaporization of a charge-ordered state in the potential excitonic insulator 1T-TiSe(2 )(refs 12, 13). By way of stroboscopic imaging of electronic band dispersions at large momentum, in the vicinity of the edge of the first Brillouin zone, we reveal that the collapse of atomic-scale periodic long-range order happens on a timescale as short as 20?femtoseconds. The surprisingly fast response of the system is assigned to screening by the transient generation of free charge carriers. Similar screening scenarios are likely to be relevant in other photoinduced solid-state transitions and may generally determine the response times. Moreover, as electron states with large momenta govern fundamental electronic properties in condensed matter systems, we anticipate that the experimental advance represented by the present study will be useful to study the ultrafast dynamics and microscopic mechanisms of electronic phenomena in a wide range of materials.     

超导材料的超快光谱研究

电子、晶格、自旋和轨道微观自由度对超导材料的宏观特性起到至关重要的作用.在超导体系中,特别是非常规超导材料,这些自由度衍生出具有不同能量尺度的玻色激发和有序态.前者如声子、磁振子、电荷密度波、自旋密度波、自旋涨落、向列涨落等;后者如超导态、赝能隙态、向列相、反铁磁/铁磁等.前者与后者的形成密切相关.尤其是,不同的玻色激发在频域内纠缠在一起彼此相互作用,同时又与电子(或准粒子)耦合,构建出复杂而又丰富的平衡态和非平衡态物理过程.超快光谱技术的独特性在于具有宽能量范围和高时间分辨率的特点,利用光(电磁波)与超导材料相互作用中的线性和非线性响应,可以共振或非共振地探测与调控这类材料中的准平衡或非平衡态动力学属性.因为桌面超快光谱系统功能全面且具有很大的灵活性,它不仅被应用于超导体系,而且被广泛应用于其他各种无机和有机材料.由于非平衡态理论,特别是与关联电子体系相关的,目前还处在快速发展的阶段,所以本综述主要介绍了常用的桌面超快光谱技术和目前被广泛使用的相关分析理论,聚焦于讨论超导材料中超快光谱实验数据涌现出来的一些普适性趋势及进展.所涉及的超导材料包含了常规超导体、铜氧化物超导体、铁基超导体和重费米子超导体.     

完整约束离散线性力学系统的数学建模

针对多自由度无阻尼线性定常系统,利用能量原理提出构造微分方程系数矩阵方法.在建立运动微分方程的过程中,应用该方法无需对时间求导和对方程进行整理化简,而且该方法适用于单自由度系统又适用于多自由度系统,还便于手工建模或计算机建模.     

Recent progress in thermoelectric materials

Direct conversion of heat into electricity through advanced thermoelectric(TE)materials has been one of the most attractive solutions to the severe environmental and energy issues facing humanity.In recent years,great progress has been made in improving their dimensionless figure of merit(ZT),which determines the conversion efficiency of TE devices.ZT is related to three‘‘interlocked’’factors—the Seebeck coefficient,electrical conductivity,and thermal conductivity.These three factors are interdependent in bulk TE materials,and altering one changes the other two.The difficulty in simultaneously optimizing them caused TE research to stagnate,until great reductions in thermal conductivity were both theoretically and experimentally proven in nanomaterials in 1993.In this review,we first introduce some TE fundamentals and then review the most recently improvements in ZT in different kinds of inorganic and organic TE materials,which is followed by an investigation of the outlook for new directions in TE technology.     

Modern human behaviors during the late stage of the MIS3 and the broad spectrum revolution: Evidence from a Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site

The last glacial period was vital for the distribution and evolution of early modern humans in Asia. The Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site, dated at 30-20 ka BP, accumulated cultural remains during the important late stage of MIS 3 period in the last glacial. These remains represent characteristics of typical Late Paleolithic conditions in North China:high degree of standardization and morphological variability of tool types, exploitation of bone materials, systematic use of body decorations, extensive use of earth-pit hearths, distinct functional spatial organization within habitations, and conversion of subsistence patterns. These characteristics illustrate early modern human behaviors during the late MIS3 period, and provide clues and perspectives for the analysis of early modern human origins in China. At the same time, the conversion of subsistence patterns is considered to be a combination of multiple early modern human behaviors, as well as the result of the Broad Spectrum Revolution. In this paper, we argue for the dynamic mechanism of Broad Spectrum Revolution from a human behavioral and ecological perspective.     

Charge transport in organic semiconductors: From incoherent to coherent

Quantum decoherence in organic charge transport is a complicated but crucial topic. In this paper, several theoretical approaches corresponding to it, from incoherent to coherent, are comprehensively reviewed. We mainly focus on the physical insight provided by each theory and extent of its validity. The aim of this review is to clarify some contentious issues and elaborate on the promising perspectives provided by different approaches. The device model approaches based on both continuous and discretized treatments of the transporting layer will be first discussed. The prominent focus of this review will be devoted to the dynamic disorder model and its variants considering that it is the most promising approach to tackle charge transport problems in organic materials. We will also address other theories such as the variational method.     

Strain-induced metal-insulator phase coexistence in perovskite manganites

The coexistence of distinct metallic and insulating electronic phases within the same sample of a perovskite manganite, such as La(1-x-y)Pr(y)Ca(x)MnO3, presents researchers with a tool for tuning the electronic properties in materials. In particular, colossal magnetoresistance in these materials--the dramatic reduction of resistivity in a magnetic field--is closely related to the observed texture owing to nanometre- and micrometre-scale inhomogeneities. Despite accumulated data from various high-resolution probes, a theoretical understanding for the existence of such inhomogeneities has been lacking. Mechanisms invoked so far, usually based on electronic mechanisms and chemical disorder, have been inadequate to describe the multiscale, multiphase coexistence within a unified picture. Moreover, lattice distortions and long-range strains are known to be important in the manganites. Here we show that the texturing can be due to the intrinsic complexity of a system with strong coupling between the electronic and elastic degrees of freedom. This leads to local energetically favourable configurations and provides a natural mechanism for the self-organized inhomogeneities over both nanometre and micrometre scales. The framework provides a physical understanding of various experimental results and a basis for engineering nanoscale patterns of metallic and insulating phases.     

止推轴承对多自由度柔性转子稳定性的影响

利用试验模态分析技术，在双跨三支承、多自由度柔性转子试验台上，试验研究了止推轴承及其间隙的改变对转子系统的稳定性的影响．通过对转子支承中不装止推轴承、装止推轴承且在两种轴向间隙状态下的三组试验的对照，证实止推轴承能有效地提高柔性多自由度转子系统稳定性．     

社会语言学对英语课堂教学的启示

社会语言学强调语言运用,突出交际能力,反对脱离社会文化研究语言。社会语言学有很多理论,尤其是语言交际能力理论以及语言变异理论对英语教学起到很大的指导作用。在这两个重要理论指导下,我们应注重提高语言交际能力,注重英语课堂的文化导入以及引导学生认识语言变异,从而达到良好的教学效果。     

论欧·亨利短篇小说的艺术空间

文章立足于欧.亨利的短篇小说,以文本分析、解构主义和对比研究的方法,挖掘其短篇小说的多元艺术空间:故事性、戏剧性、反讽性和人性化,彰显其小说独特的借鉴意义和不容置疑的权威地位。     

减振浮筏系统多向冲击谱研究

应用模态分析和概率统计理论，提出了多自由度系统ＳＲＳＳ（ＳｑｕａｒｅＲｏｏｔｏｆＳｕｍｏｆＳｑｕａｒｅｓ）冲击谱的近似计算方法，导出了剩余响应的一个重要关系式，引入了激励因子的概念，简化了多自由度系统冲击谱的求解，并将该方法应用于减振浮筏系统工程实例中．     

学习者口语流利性研究的新视角：韵律分析

对国内外关于学习者口语流利性概念进行阐释,并归纳了口语流利性研究的不同视角,分析了目前该领域的研究特点,指出今后的研究趋势是从韵律学视角对学习者的口语流利性进行考察,以期为今后的流利性研究提供一定的借鉴作用.     

Controlled properties of perovskite oxide films by engineering oxygen octahedral rotation

Complex perovskite oxides exhibit extremely rich physical properties in terms of magnetism, electrical transport, and electrical polarization characteristics due to the competition and coupling of many degrees of freedom. The B-site ions and O ions in perovskite form six-coordinated octahedral units, which are connected at a common vertex toward the basic framework of the perovskite oxide, providing a crucial platform to tailor physical properties. The rotation or distortion of the oxygen octahedra will tip the competing balance, leading to many emergent ground states. To further clarify the subtle relationship between emergent properties and oxide octahedral behavior, this article reviews the structure of perovskite oxides, the characterization methods of oxygen octahedral rotation and the response of transport, electrical polarization and magnetism of several typical perovskite heterostructures to oxygen octahedral rotation modes. With knowledge of how to manipulate the octahedral rotation behavior and regulate the physical properties of perovskite oxides, rationally designing the sample manufacturing process can effectively guide the development and application of novel electronic functional materials and devices.     

液相有机氢载体的催化研究与应用

氢能清洁高效、能量密度高，是理想的能源载体，也是公认的未来能源发展方向之一。氢气的存储是氢能利用的关键环节，目前仍没有完美适配所有场景的储氢材料，储氢技术的选择势必要以使用场景为导向。液相有机氢载体（liquid organic hydrogen carriers，LOHCs）作为一种液相储氢材料，在运输方面具有独特的应用优势。本文介绍了常见的液相有机储氢材料，重点探讨了适用于运输工具（车、船、航空器等）的LOHCs，综述其加氢/脱氢的催化研究进展、应用技术难点，并展望了其应用前景。     

钛酸锂电极材料的研究进展

从锂离子电池负极材料钛酸锂Li4Ti5O12材料的结构性能出发,介绍了近几年国内外学者在Li4Ti5O12材料的基础研究方面的最新进展,对材料的制备工艺、掺杂及复合等改性研究进行了深入的讨论,提出了目前存在的问题和今后的发展方向.     

一类有效的板弯曲单元

鉴于Ｉｒｏｎｓ的分片检验条件，在修正势能泛函中引入更一般的广义协调概念，可以推出两种简单易行的板弯曲单元。这类单元总能通过分片检验，而且可以以较少的自由度获得较高的计算精度。     

二维功能材料的生物学效应

继石墨烯被发现以来,因其稳定的二维结构和独特的物理化学性质,在材料、能源、环境、生物等领域展现出广泛应用前景,也已成为纳米生物医学的研究热点,被用于生物传感、细胞成像、药物运输、组织工程等领域.随后,具有类似结构的相关二维功能材料的研究也层出不穷、备受关注.本文综述了以石墨烯为代表的二维功能材料的生物学效应,并作出展望.     

Literature Review of Performing Complaint with VariousDegrees of Strength of its Illocutionary Force

This paper reviews three studies on strength of the illocutionary force of performing complaint.It is shown that different scholars examine the preconditions for performing complaint with various degrees of strength of the illocutionary force from various perspectives.The drawbacks of previous research are also analyzed in this review.