两相体系中长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究--膦配体对活性和选择性的影响

在温和条件下合成了两种水溶性膦配体：三(4-甲氧基-3-磺酸钠苯基)膦(简称：4-MOTPPTS)和三(2-甲氧基-3-磺酸钠苯基)膦(简称：2-MOTPPTS)．在水／有机两相体系中，以RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2为催化剂前体，考察了4-MOTPPTS和2-MOTPPTS作为配体时，膦／铑摩尔比、反应温度和压力变化对1-十二烯氢甲酰化反应催化性能的影响．结果表明，与三(3-磺酸钠苯基)膦(简称TPPTS)相比，在苯环上引入甲氧基后，其供电特性使催化剂对烯烃氢甲酰化反应的活性和生成醛的选择性不利，而邻位甲氧基的引入所造成的空间位阻，使2-MOTPPTS表现出较4-MOTPPTS更低的催化活性和选择性．但与相应的油溶性膦配体相比，对生成醛的选择性明显增加．     

两相体系混合丁烯的氢甲酰化反应研究

研究了水溶性铑膦配合物RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2在水/有机两相体系中对混合丁烯氢甲酰化反应的催化性能.主要考察了温度、压力、膦铑比、表面活性剂等因素的变化对催化性能的影响.结果表明,阳离子表面活性剂的加入,能明显提高底物转化率;CO分压增大,对丁烯 1双键异构有抑制作用.在100℃,2.0MPa(CO/H2=1),TPPTS/Rh25,[Rh]1.024×10-3mol/L的条件下,反应4h底物转化率接近35%,产物醛的正异比5.4.     

水溶性铑-膦配合物催化苯乙烯的氢甲酰化反应

以水溶性铑膦配合物RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2[TPPTS:P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3]为催化剂，在水／有机两相体系中，在TPPTS和表面活性剂TBAC存在下，研究了该体系对苯忆烯氢甲酰化反应的催化性能，采用十四烷基苄基苄基氯化胺（TBAC）与十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）组成的混合胶束调整反应微环境，显著提高了苯乙烯的经和生成正构醛的选择性，在90℃，2.0MPa，TBAC／SDS＝12，V水／V烯＝3的条件下反应两小时苯乙烯的转化率为98.3%，醛的异／正比为1.30。提高反应温度至110℃，在0.5MPa下反应，生成正构醛的选择性明显提高，产物中正构苯丙醛含量达69%。     

两相体系中含氮双齿膦配体对1-十二烯氢甲酰化反应的影响

含氮双齿膦配体(Ph2PCH2)2NCH2CH2OCH2CH2NHCH2CH2PO3Na2(以A表示)在1-十二烯的氢甲酰化反应中的实验结果表明双膦配体的螯合作用降低了催化活性和有利于直链醛的生成.A与水溶性催化剂RhCl(CO)(TPPTS)2在合成气氛下发生配体交换后,形成配合物HRh(CO)(A)(TPPTS),其催化活性比单膦-铑配合物的催化活性更低.又由于双膦与铑配位后形成的络合物中铑的配位空间更拥挤,因此1-十二烯的端碳原子更容易与铑中心络合配位,形成直链烷基-铑络合物,使得产物醛中直链醛的含量增大.     

水溶性铑-膦配合物催化丙烯酸丁酯的氢甲酰化反应

讨论了有关参数(温度、Rh／TPPTS比率、催化剂浓度、压力、甲苯／水体积比、不同溶剂、CO与H2分压比)对丙烯酸丁酯的氢甲酰化反应的影响，得到了一些规律性的结论。首次研究了水溶性双膦配体BDPXSNa和BISBISNa在丙烯酸丁酯氢甲酰化反应中对催化剂的催化活性和选择性的影响。     

水溶性铑羰基配合物催化丙烯酸丁酯的氢甲酰化反应

在两相催化体系水／甲苯中，考察了反应温度、配体与催化剂摩尔比率、氢气／一氧化碳压力比对铑羰基配合物与水溶性膦配体催化丙烯酸丁酯的氢甲酰化反应的催化活性和选择性的影响，并比较了单膦配体(TPPTS)和双膦配体(BDPXS)的催化性能。     

1-丁烯高效氢甲酰化制戊醛的工艺条件探索

以WHF-0.5自控高压釜为反应器,以质量分数为97%的正戊醛作为反应溶剂,采用乙酰丙酮三苯基膦羰基铑(Cat)和配体三苯基膦(PPh3)作为催化剂体系,探讨能够同时达到高转化率和高正异比的1 丁烯氢甲酰化制戊醛的最优工艺条件。本文对能够影响1-丁烯氢甲酰化制戊醛反应的8个单因素进行了实验考评并对部分重要因素进行了正交实验,结果表明：在反应温度100℃、反应压力2.5MPa、搅拌速率200r/min、反应时间3.5h、溶剂用量125mL（25%）、膦铑(P/Rh)物质的量之比600、1-丁烯用量10mL（0.2393mol/L）和催化剂浓度125mmol/L的条件下,1-丁烯的转化率达8684%,产物正异比(mN/mI)达10.98,催化剂的转化频率237.48h-1。     

丁烯氢甲酰化制备低正异比混合戊醛新型催化剂开发及反应动力学的研究

将自主开发的低正异比（N/I）氢甲酰化催化（HY-IH）体系用于丁烯氢甲酰化合成制戊醛.通过小试工艺优化,2-甲基丁醛选择性大于50%（即N/I约为1∶1）,远高于国内现有工业装置3%~10%的水平.同时,得到反应速率与丁烯浓度、反应温度和催化剂铑（Rh）浓度的相关动力学方程.通过连续模试反应对小试动力学进行了修正,为工业化装置设计提供了依据.     

均相体系中含氮双齿膦配体对1-十二烯氢甲酰化反应的影响

含氮双齿膦配体(ph2PCH2)2NCH2CH2OCH2CH2NHCH2CH2PO3Na2(以A表示)在1-十二烯的氢甲酰化反应中的实验结果表明双膦配体的螯合作用降低了催化活性以及双膦-铑配合物有利于直链醛的生成.A与油溶性催化剂HRh(CO)(PPh3)3在合成气氛下发生配体交换形成配合物HRh(CO)(A)(PPh3),其催化活性比单膦-铑配合物的催化活性更低.由于双膦与铑配位后形成的络合物中铑的配位空间更拥挤,因此1-十二烯的端碳原子更容易与铑中心络合配位,形成直链烷基-铑络合物,使得产物醛中直链醛的含量增大.     

水溶性钌-钯双金属催化剂催化卤代芳香硝基化合物选择性加氢

考察了水溶性Ru／Pd—TPPTS双金属催化剂催化卤代芳香硝基化合物的加氢性能．实验结果表明，在原位合成的Ru—TPPTS催化体系中添加PdCl2后，催化剂的活性明显提高，尤其是0．50Ru／0．50Pd—TPPTS双金属催化剂表现出显著的钌和钯之间的双金属协同效应．在PB2=1．0MPa，70℃，反应70min的条件下，双金属催化剂0．50Ru／0．50Pd—TPPTS催化对-氯硝基苯中硝基选择性加氢反应时转化率达到100％，生成对-氯苯胺选择性为92．3％．对于取代基和取代位置不同的一些卤代硝基苯加氢，双金属催化剂0．50Ru／0．50Pd—TPPTS也表现出很高的催化活性和较高的生成卤代苯胺选择性．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.