基于k-means++的多分类器选择分类研究

【目的】机器学习中不同算法适用于具有不同分布特征的数据集。在用整个训练集上训练得到的单个分类器预测新样本类别时,由于缺少对局部区域样本的针对性,可能导致分类器对某一区域数据的预测能力较差而产生错误分类。为了解决这个问题,提出基于k-means+ +的多分类器选择算法。【方法】首先用3种分类综合性能较好的算法———Ada-Boost、SVM、随机森林(RF)在训练集上分别训练得到3个分类器作为候选基分类器,然后利用k-means++算法将训练数据集分为k个簇,用3个候选分类器分别对每个簇进行分类测试,选择对这一簇中数据分类精度最高的分类器作为与它的数据相似数据的分类器。在对新样本进行类别预测时,首先判定样本属于哪个簇,然后用它的分类器进行分类预测。【结果】实验结果表明,新算法在9个UCI数据集上优于单个分类算法。【结论】基于局部区域动态选择最优分类器可以提高模型分类准确性。
     

一种优化初始聚类中心的k-means算法

随机选择初始聚类中心的k-means算法易使聚类陷入局部最优解、聚类结果不稳定且受孤立点影响大等问题.针对这些问题,提出了一种优化初始聚类中心的方法及孤立点排除法.该算法首先选择距离最远的两点加入初始化中心,再根据这两点将原始簇分成两个聚簇,在这两个簇中挑选方差较大的簇按照一定的规则进行分裂直至找到k个中心,初始中心的选择过程中用到孤立点排除法.在UCI数据集及人造含一定比例的噪音数据集下,通过实验比较了改进算法与其他算法的优劣.实验表明,改进后的算法不仅受孤立点的影响小、稳定性好而且准确度也高.     

一种改进的RAKEL多标签分类算法

RAKEL(random k-labelsets)算法是一种集成技术,能有效解决多标签分类问题.它将原始标签集随机选用一小部分标签子集构成的数据集来训练每个分类器,但由于RAKEL算法构造标签空间的随机性,并未充分考察到样本多个标签之间的相关性,从而造成分类精度不高,泛化性能受到一定影响.为此,提出了改进的LC-RAKEL算法.首先,通过标签聚类将原始标签集划分成标签簇,再从每个标签簇中各选择一个标签构成标签集,以此发现标签空间中重要且不频繁的映射关系;然后,利用出现次数较少的标签集合组成新的训练数据,训练相应的分类器.实验证明,改进的算法性能优于其他常用多标签分类算法.     

k-means聚类算法的改进研究

聚类分析是数据挖掘的一个重要运用方法,它是一个把数据对象划分成子集的过程.k-means算法是一个基于划分且应用非常广泛的聚类算法,具有原理简单、便于理解和实现、能处理大数据集等优点.但是,该算法也存在着一些不可避免的缺点,本论述针对在多维空间k-means算法中聚类数需要事先给定以及该算法对初始中心点选取的敏感性这两方面的缺点给出了改进算法,并选取数据集对改进算法进行试验.结果表明笔者提出的改进算法比传统的k-means算法和基于最大最小距离算法的k-means聚类算法具有更高的有效性和稳定性.     

基于k-means与Apriori算法的食物营养成分分析

营养作为人类生活的必要前提,大量患有某种疾病患者或由于工作职业原因对不同营养成分需求各不一致,发现不同食物种类营养成分及含量间的关系具有较强的应用价值。由于各类食物类别所含食物数量不同,针对Apriori算法通过支持度和置信度来衡量关联规则的特点,为克服各类食物数量不一致容易对挖掘结果产生不良影响,设计了一种通过k-means与Apriori算法对多种食物的营养成分及含量的挖掘与分析的方法。首先根据不同食物营养成分含量采用k-means聚类算法进行聚类,将食物数据集划分出了多个互不相交的"簇",再在各"簇"内通过Apriori算法实现食物营养成分含量之间的关联规则挖掘,其结果表明使用该方法经过聚类后的同一簇内食物营养成分关联程度明显优于直接在数据集中使用Apriori算法进行挖掘,为各类人群的合理膳食及饮食健康提供了重要的参考依据。     

近邻密度分布优化样本分配的改进DPC聚类算法

DPC算法是一种能够自动确定类簇数和类簇中心的新型密度聚类算法,但在样本分配策略上存在聚类质量不稳定的缺陷.其改进算法KNN-DPC虽然具有较好的聚类效果,但效率不高而影响实用.针对以上问题,文中提出了一种近邻密度分布优化的DPC算法.该算法在DPC算法搜索和发现样本的初始类簇中心的基础上,基于样本的密度分布采用两种样本类簇分配策略,依次将各样本分配到相应的类簇.理论分析和在经典人工数据集以及UCI真实数据集上的实验结果表明:文中提出的聚类算法能快速确定任意形状数据的类簇中心和有效地进行样本类簇分配;与DPC算法和KNN-DPC算法相比,文中算法在聚类效果与时间性能上有更好的平衡,聚类稳定性高,可适用于大规模数据集的自适应聚类分析.     

基于质心的样本加权聚类算法

针对传统的以k-means为代表的分割聚类算法认为所有的聚类样本对聚类中心的影响都是相同的这一观点,提出基于样本加权的聚类算法,并采用实际数据集验证算法的有效性.实验表明,该算法比传统的k-means聚类算法具有更高的精确度.     

基于簇特征的文本增量聚类研究

提出了一种基于簇特征的文本增量聚类算法:充分利用简单、有效的k-means算法来进行初始聚类,并保留聚类后每个簇的簇中心、均值、方差、文档数、3阶中心矩和4阶中心矩作为该簇的簇特征,当出现新增数据时,利用初始簇的簇特征对新增数据进行聚类.在20newsgroups数据集上的实验结果表明:相比于对整个数据集进行重新聚类,该算法具有一定的优势.     

结合密度峰值优化模糊聚类的自训练方法

【目的】为了在迭代自训练之前探索数据集分布情况,挑选出所含信息量较大且置信度较高的无标记样本加入训练集训练,让训练出的初始分类器有较高的准确性,提高自训练方法的泛化性。【方法】以聚类假设为基础,先对无标记样本集进行密度峰值聚类,在人工地选出聚类中心后,将新的聚类中心作为模糊聚类的初始聚类中心进行模糊聚类,从而筛选出有用的无标记样本。【结果】通过使用密度峰值优化模糊聚类算法,筛选出所含信息量大且置信度高的样本加入了训练集,训练出泛化性更强、分类精度更高的分类器。【结论】实验结果表明,改进后的自训练方法能快速发现样本集原始空间结构,筛选出有用无标记样本加入训练集,与结合其他聚类算法的自训练方法相比分类精度有所提高。     

分布式k-means聚类算法的改进

经典的分布式k-means聚类算法随机选取初始聚类中心,进行多次的迭代,容易使得聚类效率低,网络通信量大,而且聚类结果不稳定。针对这些问题,提出一种改进的分布式k-means聚类算法。该算法通过划分数据集,计算属性最密集的k个数据块作为聚类中心,以确保聚类中心的代表性,进而减少算法的迭代计算次数,提高聚类效率。通过在Hadoop分布式平台上进行实验,结果表明改进算法能减少迭代次数和收敛时间。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.