Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells promoted by overexpression of connective tissue growth factor

Objective: Large segmental bone defect repair remains a clinical and scientific challenge with increasing interest focusing on combining gene transfection with tissue engineering techniques. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods: A CTGF-expressing plasmid (pCTGF) was constructed and transfected into MSCs. Then expressions of bone morphogenesis-related genes, proliferation rate, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were examined to evaluate the osteogenic potential of the CTGF gene-modified MSCs. Results: Overexpression of CTGF was confirmed in pCTGF-MSCs. pCTGF transfection significantly enhanced the proliferation rates of pCTGF-MSCs (P<0.05). CTGF induced a 7.5-fold increase in cell migration over control (P<0.05). pCTGF transfection enhanced the expression of bone matrix proteins, such as bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and collagen type I in MSCs. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of pCTGF-MSCs at the 1st and 2nd weeks were 4.0- and 3.0-fold higher than those of MSCs cultured in OS-medium, significantly higher than those of mock-MSCs and normal control MSCs (P<0.05). Overexpression of CTGF in MSCs enhanced the capability to form mineralized nodules. Conclusion: Overexpression of CTGF could improve the osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs, and the CTGF gene-modified MSCs are potential as novel cell resources of bone tissue engineering.     

大鼠骨髓基质细胞体外定向诱导成骨

将大鼠骨髓单细胞悬液静置培养36h，利用骨髓基质细胞贴壁能力强的特点对其进行纯化和扩增培养。采用爬片培养、HE染色、组化染色以及碱性磷酸酶活性和钙含量测定等手段研究培养骨髓基质细胞的形态、分化和分泌基质情况。结果表明，非诱导培养条件下骨髓基质细胞呈梭形，部分传代细胞中可观察到脂肪细胞和肌细胞。经成骨性诱导培养后，骨髓基质细胞发生明显的形态学变化，碱性磷酸酶活性上升，钙含量增加，最终形成典型的矿化结节。提示培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞具有分化成脂肪细胞和肌细胞的能力，但其分化成骨的潜能最为强大。本实验诱导骨髓基质细胞分化为成骨细胞的模式有可能适用于骨组织工程研究。     

三七总皂苷对腱骨愈合的促进作用

 前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）重建术后腱骨止点愈合质量直接影响临床效果。前期实验证实三七总皂苷（panax notoginseng saponins，PNS）可显著改善重建ACL腱骨愈合处成骨能力，可能与移植物内源性肌腱干细胞（tendon derived stem cells，TDSCs）的成骨分化密切相关。探讨了PNS对TDSCs成骨分化能力的影响。将培养至第3代的大鼠TDSCs分为PNS组与对照组2组，利用CCK-8实验方法检测PNS对细胞活性的影响；TDSCs经PNS处理72 h后加入成骨培养基进行诱导分化，检测成骨标志物碱性磷酸酶的表达情况；在裸鼠皮下注射PNS处理后的TDSCs，4周后利用Micro-CT检测异位成骨情况。研究证实PNS可显著增强TDSCs细胞成骨分化与裸鼠异位成骨能力。     

大鼠骨髓基质干细胞分离培养及向成骨、成脂诱导分化的研究

目的利用细胞原代及传代培养技术将大鼠骨髓基质干细胞诱导分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞,为其进一步应用奠定基础.方法全骨髓法分离大鼠骨髓基质干细胞,传代后分别在成骨、成脂诱导条件下继续培养,采用碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色及油红"O"染色观察其成骨及成脂分化结果.结果第2代大鼠骨髓基质干细胞成骨诱导9 d后碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性细胞,连续诱导14 d后可见矿化结节形成,成脂诱导14 d后可见脂肪细胞形成.结论随着诱导条件的不同,大鼠骨髓基质干细胞在体外可定向分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞.     

Electrospun Nanofibers of Hydroxyapatite/Collagen/Chitosan Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of BMSCs

Bone tissue engineering, aiming at developing bone substitutes for repair and regeneration of bone defects instead of using autologous bone grafts, has attracted wide attention in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Developing biomimetic biomaterial scaffolds able to regulate osteogenic differentiation of stem cells could be a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy. In this study, clectrospun composite nanofibers of hydroxyapatite/collagen/chitosan （ HAp/Col/CTS ） resembling the fibrous nanostructure and constituents of the hierarchically organized natural bone, were prepared to investigate their capacity for promoting bone mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） to differentiate into the osteogenic lineage in the absence and presence of the osteogenlc supplementation, respectively. Call morphology, proliferation and quantified specific osteogenic protein expression on the electrospun HAp/Coi/CTS scaffolds were evaluated in comparison with different controls including dectrospun nanofibrous CTS, HAp/CTS and tissue culture plate. Our remits showed that the nanofibrous HAp/Col/CTS scaffolds supported better spreading and proliferation of the BMSCs than other substrates （ P 〈 0.01 ）. Expressions of osteogenesis protein markers, alkaline phosphatase （ALP） and Col, were significantly upregulated on the HAp/Col/CTS than those on the CTS （P 〈0.01） and HAp/ CTS （P 〈 0. 05 ） scaffolds in the absence of the osteogeulc supplementation. Moreover, presence of osteogeulc supplementation also proved to enhance osteogeule differentiation of BMSCs on HAp/ Col/CTS scaffolds, indicative of a synergistic effect. This study highlights the potential of BMSCs/HAp/Col/CTS cell-scaffold system for functional bone repair and regeneration applications.     

Notch signaling stimulates osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Notch signaling is one of the most important pathways mediating cell determination and differentiation.In this study, the roles of Notch signal in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were investigated. The expression of Notch1, Jaggedl and DTXI detected by reverse transcrip-tion polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) suggested that Notch signal might exhibit a physiological regulatory role in the differentiation of MSCs. Constitutive expression of the intracellular domain of Notchl (ICN), the active form of Notchl protein, can activate Notch signal in cells without ligands‘ binding, hMSCs were isolated, expanded, and infected with retrovirus carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene or ICN. Overexpression of ICN in hMSCs resulted in enhanced osteogenic differentiation induced by dexamethasone (Dex), which was characterized by an increase of cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition. These results indicate that Notch stimulates differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts.     

山芝烯二醇对体外培养成骨细胞成骨活性的影响

为研究玉柏石松提取物山芝烯二醇对体外培养小鼠颅骨成骨细胞活性的影响,采用MTT法、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）试剂盒、荧光定量PCR检测不同浓度药物作用不同时间后成骨细胞增殖、ALP活性和成骨活性相关基因,如原癌基因（c-jun、c-fos）、成骨转录因子（Osterix）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、Ⅰ型胶原（Col-Ⅰ）、骨钙素（OC）表达.结果显示：山芝烯二醇处理早期（3 d）促进成骨细胞增殖,促进c-jun、c-fos基因表达,先抑制后促进Osterix基因表达;晚期（9 d）促进ALP活性和ALP、Col-Ⅰ基因表达,对OC基因无明显影响.说明山芝烯二醇可以促进成骨细胞的增值,ALP活性及部分骨相关基因表达,是玉柏石松促进骨愈合的有效成分之一.     

不同诱导条件对树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的影响

目的 探讨不同诱导条件对树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞（BM-MSCs）体外向成骨细胞分化的影响。方法 取 P3代树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞分成7组进行诱导。A组：高糖DMEM+1μmol/L地塞米松+100μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;B组：高糖 DMEM+50 ng/mL BMP-2;C组：高糖 DMEM+80 ng/mL BMP-2;D组：高糖DMEM+50μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠+20ng/m L BMP-2;E组：高糖 DMEM+1μmol/L地塞米松 +100μmol/L维生素C+20 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;F组：高糖DMEM+100μmol/L地塞米松+100μmol/L维生素 C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠;G组：DMEM/F12+0.1μmol/L地塞米松 +50μmol/L维生素C+10 mmol/Lβ-磷酸甘油钠。诱导18 d后进行碱性磷酸酶和茜素红染色鉴定其诱导分化情况。结果 每一组碱性磷酸酶染色呈不同程度的阳性,茜素红染色可在A、B、C、D和E组观察到明显矿化结节。结论 A组、B组、C组、D组和 E组可以诱导树鼩BM-MSCs向成骨细胞分化,其中以A组和B组效果最为突出。     

人胚胎骨髓基质干细胞的长期培养及体外成骨特性

研究了人胚胎骨髓基质干细胞(hBMSCs)在体外长期培养时的基本特性和向成骨细胞的分化能力。结果表明：前三代hBMSCs多数呈长梭形,生长快速,增殖能力强;而后几代细胞变得比较扁平,生长缓慢,增殖能力下降;至第六代,细胞已失去增殖能力。每一代细胞生长均分为延滞期、对数生长期和稳定期,延滞期一般为6～7d,对数生长期为4～5d,最后是稳定期。前三代细胞对数生长期的群体倍增时间(PD71)基本相同,而第四代细胞的PDT略有上升,第五代细胞的PDT最大。在体外扩增能力方面,前三代细胞均可以扩增18倍左右,而第四、第五代细胞则下降至11倍、5倍。实验结果表明扩增后的细胞经过诱导可以形成钙化小结,与未诱导细胞相比碱性磷酸脂酶(ALP)活性显著提高。     

人脂肪组织来源干细胞生物学特性研究

为进一步研究脂肪组织来源的干细胞增殖和多向分化潜能,用改进的方法分离脂肪组织来源的干细胞,通过cck-8检测细胞的增殖能力、流式细胞仪检测干细胞相关表面标记的表达、RT-PCR对干细胞相关基因的表达进行分析;并对分离得到的细胞向脂肪、软骨、骨及心肌细胞诱导,观察其多向分化能力.结果显示:采用改进的方法,从400～600 mg脂肪组织可收获约5×105个脂肪组织来源的干细胞,并且细胞可以重叠生长1个月以上,期间细胞表现出几个对数增殖期;所有增殖的细胞其干细胞相关表面标记都呈阳性表达;转录因子Nanog、Oct-4、Sox-2和Rex-1也呈强阳性表达;ADSCs向脂肪、骨、软骨和心肌细胞诱导分化后能够分别表达脂滴、碱性磷酸酶和矿化结节、富含黏多糖的软骨细胞外基质,以及少量心肌特异性连接蛋白Connexin-43,表明ADSCs具有向多个胚层细胞分化的能力.此外,为获得更多具有强增殖能力的细胞,根据生长曲线,对细胞进行每14 d传代而非传统的5 d传代,发现所得到的细胞仍保持强的增殖能力、干细胞表型以及更强的多向分化潜能.     

Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion

Results from several experimental systems suggest that cells from one tissue type can form other tissue types after transplantation. This could be due to the presence of multipotential or several types of adult stem cells in donor tissues, or alternatively, to fusion of donor and recipient cells. In a model of tyrosinaemia type I, mice with mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene (Fah-/-) regain normal liver function after transplantation of Fah+/+ bone marrow cells, and form regenerating liver nodules with normal histology that express Fah. Here we show that these hepatic nodules contain more mutant than wild-type Fah alleles, and that their hepatocytes express both donor and host genes, consistent with polyploid genome formation by fusion of host and donor cells. Using bone marrow cells marked with integrated foamy virus vectors that express green fluorescent protein, we identify common proviral junctions in hepatic nodules and haematopoietic cells. We also show that the haematopoietic donor genome adopts a more hepatocyte-specific expression profile after cell fusion, as the wild-type Fah gene was activated and the pan-haematopoietic CD45 marker was no longer expressed.     

Effects of genistein, daidzein and glycitein on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and on the adipogenic trans-differentiation of osteoblasts

The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and oil red O assays were used to examine the effects of genistein, daidzein and glycitein on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and the adipogenic trans-differentiation of primary mouse osteoblasts. The results indicated that daidzein, genistein and glycitein at concentrations from 1×10^-8 mol/L to 1×10^-5 mol/L promoted the proliferation of MSCs and osteoblasts; genistein, daidzein and glycitein promoted osteogenic differentiation and inhibited adipogenic differentiation of MSCs, and inhibited adipocytic transdifferentiation of osteoblasts at appropriate concentrations as 17β-estradiol. It suggests that genistein, daidzein and glycitein regulate a dual differentiational process of MSCs into the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, and trans-differentiational process of primary osteoblasts into the adipocyte lineages, causing a lineage shift toward osteoblast. Protective effects of them on bone may be mediated by a reversal of adipogenesis which may promote the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts, and make adipocytes secrete less cytokines which may promote osteoclast formation and activation. In addition, the results also indicated that genistein, daidzein and glycitein may be helpful in preventing the development of steroid induced osteonecrosis.     

人胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞的分离及生物学鉴定

通过原代细胞培养,从引产胎儿骨髓组织中分离干细胞,然后进行生物学鉴定,旨在体外建立培养胎儿骨髓干细胞的有效方法,为进一步研究干细胞奠定基础．本研究对四个月的引产胎儿骨髓组织进行原代细胞培养,采用贴壁筛选法,在含有15％胎牛血清的L-DMEM／IMDM(1:1)混和培养液中培养,7 d后细胞可长满瓶底．显微镜下观察,细胞形态均一,呈长梭形．传代后,在8代以内的细胞贴壁能力较强,生长速度较快．将其命名为BMMS-03．在第3代时,对培养的细胞进行了于细胞标志物的生物学鉴定,采用流式细胞仪对经免疫荧光染色的细胞进行检测．结果显示:97．2％的细胞呈CD105阳性反应,66．0％的细胞呈CD106阳性反应, 9．2％的细胞呈CD34阳性反应．阴性对照组阳性反应为0．5％．生物学鉴定的初步结果提示,从胎儿骨髓组织中分离培养成功的细胞为骨髓间充质干细胞,其细胞形态学特征、CD105 、CD106 和CD34-的检测结果均符合间充质干细胞的特征．本研究成功地建立了体外培养胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞的有效方法,所获得的间充质干细胞纯度较高,增殖较快,适用于干细胞生物学和组织工程学的研究．     

生物力学作用对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化影响研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞在体内所处的力学环境比较复杂,为了探索生物力学与骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化之间的关系,对近年来生物力学微环境对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化影响的研究现状和最新进展进行了综述。认为牵张力与流体剪切力对骨髓间充质干细胞产生的刺激大部分会使其向成骨方向分化,而较大的压缩力和静水压力对骨髓间充质干细胞产生的刺激大部分会使其偏向软骨方向分化,小部分向成骨方向分化,每种分化方向都有其最适的分化条件。通过综述生物力学对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及成骨分化的影响,为骨髓间充质干细胞的骨组织工程与再生医学研究及更好地应用于临床治疗提供思路和参考依据。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞分化的研究进展

摘要: 由各种因素导致的重症肝病的终末治疗的最好手段一直是原位肝移植,但长期以来肝供体的缺乏和免疫排斥引起的一系列问题极大地限制了该手术的运用,同时,在肝脏相关药物的筛选中,原代肝细胞难于培养且易在培养过程中变异,而随着骨髓间充质干细胞研究的深入,越来越多的证据表明骨髓间充质干细胞具有向肝细胞分化的潜能。因此,骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化而成的肝样细胞在再生医疗和药物筛选领域具有较好的运用前景,本文就间充质干细胞的分离培养及其生物学特性,肝样细胞的诱导培养条件,生物学特性及其运用前景加以综述。     

骨形成发生蛋白对人骨髓间充质干细胞的影响

目的探讨骨形成发生蛋白(BMP)对人骨髓间充质干细胞的影响及调节作用.方法使用含BMP-7基因的PTracer-CMV载体感染人骨髓间充质干细胞(h MSCs),并设未转染组和空载体组,免疫组化法检测BMP-7蛋白表达,MTT法检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,湿化学法检测碱性磷酸酶合成情况.结果培养48 h后,BMP-7转染组h MSCs增殖速度明显高于未转染组和空载体组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);未转染组与空载体组h MSCs增殖速度之间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05).BMP-7转染组各时间点G_0/G_1期细胞比例均明显低于未转染组和空载体组;S期、G_2/M期的细胞比例均明显高于未转染组和空载体组,上述差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);各时间点未转染组与空载体组G_0/G_1期、S期、G_2/M期细胞比例间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05).BMP-7转染组h MSCs细胞碱性磷酸酶含量明显高于未转染组、空载体组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论 BMP-7可促进h MSCs体外增殖和向成骨细胞分化,可能与促进细胞由G_1期进入S期、DNA合成增加、提升DNA合成的后期细胞数量有关.     

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles promote osteogenesis compared to adipogenesis in human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Rhombohedron-like and fusiform calcium carbonate nanoparticles were fabricated using a new method. Their geometry was controlled by varying the mixing speed and ratio of ethanol versus water in reaction system. The calcium carbonate nanoparticles(CCNPs) have slight effect on viability of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hBMSCs) with dose-dependent and shape-dependent, but they can significantly promote osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro by 10–37% increase of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity, 9–36% growth of collagen secretion and 1.13–1.83 folds upregulation of osteogenesis-related genes, even at lower dose ranges(5–20 μg/ml). The efficacity of promoting osteogenesis depends on the shape and dose of CCNPs. Furthermore,adipogenesis was inhibited by less accumulation of lipid droplets, lower triglyceride(TG) secretion and downregulation of adipogenesis-related genes. These findings improve the understanding of effects CCNPs on hBMSCs fate towards osteoblasts or adipocytes and have meaningful impact for combining use of CCNPs and hBMSCs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields.     

玉柏石松中甾体化合物对体外培养成骨细胞活性的影响

为研究玉柏石松中甾体化合物豆甾烷-3-酮-21-羧酸（SA）对体外培养小鼠成骨细胞系MC3T3-E1活性的影响,用Alamar Blue法检测了成骨细胞增殖率,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测了细胞中碱性磷酸酶活性,茜素红染色检测了成骨细胞矿化水平,荧光定量PCR检测了成骨细胞骨分化相关基因的表达.结果显示：8μmol/L和16μmol/L的SA处理细胞8 d能抑制成骨细胞碱性磷酸活性;处理细胞16 d能提高骨细胞矿化水平.SA抑制成骨早期分化相关基因（Runx-2和Osterix）的表达,促进骨基质蛋白OPN和骨重建相关转录因子（Jun-D,Fra-1和Fra-2）的表达.故SA具有促进骨折愈合的成骨活性,可能通过促进相关转录因子表达,骨折断面旧骨的吸收和骨基质钙化等方式完成.