低压微电网逆变器并离网平滑切换控制

分布式能源通过电力电子变换器与本地负载、储能设备等相结合构成微电网;并实现在并网、离网及并离网相互切换模式下的稳定运行。采用下垂控制实现微电网离网运行时逆变器输出电压和频率的稳定、并网运行时输出功率的恒定,并且不改变控制方式实现并离网的平滑切换控制。由于传统下垂控制在离网运行时,逆变器输出电压与频率存在一定的偏差;并且为了使逆变器输出阻抗呈阻性以减小控制参数对输出阻抗的影响,采用一种改进的下垂控制策略;并在逆变器双闭环控制中加入虚拟阻抗。仿真结果验证了改进下垂控制策略在离网、并网以及并离网相互切换运行时的有效性,以及相比于传统下垂控制策略的优越性。     

基于VSG的储能逆变器控制策略及无缝切换技术

为应对储能逆变器在并离网切换时产生的电压波动和冲击电流,基于微网孤岛和并网运行模式的特点,提出虚拟同步发电机控制策略。通过对微网无缝切换关键技术分析,提出基于频率扰动的微网预同步控制。为实现控制策略的无缝切换,利用VSG控制和PQ控制共用电流内环,实现外环参考电流平滑过渡,确保控制策略切换时刻和PCC开关动作时刻的同步性,保证了VSG在两种运行模式之间平滑切换,有利于微网的稳定运行。在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台下搭建模型,验证所提控制策略和切换方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于复合控制的无变压器并联混合型有源电力滤波器

无变压器并联混合型有源电力滤波器是一种新颖的有源滤波器拓扑结构.阐述系统主电路组成,给出无源部分的设计原则,提出将带有校正环节的复合控制和直流侧电容电压控制引入控制环路以获得指令电流的控制策略,继而通过三角载波控制实现实际输出电流对指令电流的跟踪.在Matlab环境下建立系统模型并进行仿真.仿真结果表明,应用该控制策略的滤波器可以有效地对负载谐波进行补偿,从而证明该控制策略的可行性.     

用于Boost变换器的无负载电流传感器滑模-预测控制策略

Boost变换器作为升压DC-DC变换器被广泛应用于光伏发电、储能及电动车领域。然而由于Boost变换器的右半平面零点的频域特性,传统的PI控制策略会限制变换器的动态性能,在较大负载突变的情况下造成较大的输出电压波动,进而造成过压或欠压故障;预测控制可以有效提高动态性能、避免调整控制参数以及可增加系统约束,但由于系统参数不匹配及对损耗的忽略会造成输出电压的稳态静差。为了减小负载突变带来的电压波动同时兼顾稳态特性,本文提出了无负载电流传感器的滑模-预测控制策略,外环采用滑模面生成电感电流指令值,内环采用无差拍预测控制,并使用了滑模观测器来观测电流。该控制策略不需要负载电流传感器,相比PI控制器,不仅可以同时减小负载突变时的输出电压波动和过渡时间,还可以有效限制稳态静差。实验验证了该套控制策略的性能优越性。     

高效率升降压变换器的电压前馈策略及控制方法

为解决Buck-Boost变换器Boost工作模式下变换器的暂态响应恶化的问题，采用双调制-单载波双模式控制方法确保变换器的高效率并自动平滑切换工作模式。在宽输入电压场合，为消除输出电压受输入电压扰动带来的波动，通过小信号模型的建立得出变换器的输入电压前馈函数，提出带输入电压前馈的双模式控制方法，进而保证变换器宽输入电压范围下的高效率以及良好的暂态响应。制作一台实验样机，通过实验对比引入电压前馈控制策略和未引入电压前馈控制策略的双模式控制方法下的变换器实验波形，验证所提电压前馈控制策略及控制方法的有效性。     

一种新的自适应相位偏移并网孤岛检测方法

孤岛检测是分布式发电并网研究的难点,特别是在逆变器输出与负载功率平衡时难以检测出孤岛.频率或相位偏移等主动检测方法在逆变器输出与负载相位匹配时孤岛检测失效.本文提出了一种新的孤岛检测方法——自适应相位偏移法.该方法使逆变器输出电流的相位周期性累加式变化,同时检测频率的变化来调节相位的正反馈,有效地打破逆变器输出和负载之间的功率平衡或相位匹配,从而快速检测出孤岛状态,且不存在检测盲区.仿真结果证明了其可行性.     

SSTS和UPQC在微电网控制中的应用

针对微电网并网过程中存在的电能质量问题,提出了基于统一电能质量调节器(UnifiedPowerQuality Conditioner,UPQC)的微电网并网系统.通过优化选择UPQC的安装位置来改善电网电压波动对微电网并网的影响,改善电网的电能质量,同时通过设定UPQC的控制策略实现微电网的智能孤岛和无缝重连.研究结果表明:所提出的微电网UPQC系统可以工作在并网运行、孤岛运行和重连运行3种运行模式,通过固态转换开关(Solid-state transfer switch,SSTS)的合理切换可以实现3种运行模式的平滑过渡,而且在切换过程中不仅避免了直接切换导致的冲击暂态,也有效地改善了电能质量.在微电网并网模式和孤岛模式之间切换的过程中可不中断微电网的连接,实现了微电网的无缝切换,简化了并网逆变器的控制.     

微电网主从控制建模仿真

考虑到微电网内分布式电源和负荷所具有的分散性,根据分布式电源的类型以及与储能装置的不同组合方式,采用不同的控制策略分别进行了相应控制器的设计.基于下垂特性的Droop控制可实现负荷功率变化时不同分布式电源间变化功率的共享,而电压/频率(V/f)控制和Droop控制均可在微电网孤岛运行时为微电网系统提供频率支撑;PQ控制可根据实际运行情况实现分布式电源有功和无功功率的指定控制.根据不同电源特性针对性地采用不同控制技术组合,并对微电网孤岛运行模式和并网运行模式之间切换的运行特性进行分析,获得了微电网中相应分布式电源的功率、电压、电流及系统频率的变化规律,证明了PQ-V/f以及PQ-Droop综合控制策略的正确性和有效性.     

基于自抗扰控制的单相光伏并网逆变控制器设计

传统的双环PI控制无法满足LCL并网逆变器电流谐波,输出电压扰动大;线性自抗扰技术可以通过线性扩张状态观测器和线性控制律对总扰动进行实时估计和补偿,大大提高并网逆变控制器的性能.为提高系统输出对电网电压扰动的抑制能力和系统的起动性能,引入电网电压前馈控制策略,提出基于自抗扰控制的电网电压前馈控制策略,采用MATLAB软件进行仿真.仿真结果表明,基于线性自抗扰控制下的单相光伏并网控制系统可实现对入网电流的无静差跟踪,提高了系统抑制电网电压扰动的能力,入网电流的总谐波失真小.     

不平衡电网下风电并网变流器的滑模电流控制

为了增强对不平衡电网的适应能力,提出一种适用于LCL型并网变流器的滑模电流控制策略.建立了电流内环及电压外环的滑模控制方程,采用指数趋近率的设计方法改善滑模动态品质与系统抖振,根据扩展瞬时功率理论计算参考电流指令,在实现三相并网电流呈正弦波形变化的同时,消除了并网有功功率和扩展无功功率的2倍频波动.同时,搭建了基于RT-LAB软件的硬件在环实验控制平台,通过对比实验验证了所提滑模控制算法的正确性,及其在动态响应速度和抗参数扰动方面的优越性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.