存在饱和输入量的欠驱动船舶编队控制

研究了常规欠驱动船舶编队路径跟踪的一致性控制问题,设计了一个分散式控制器.结合反步法、虚拟结构法及李雅普诺夫理论,使设计的控制器不仅形式简单,而且具有良好的稳定性和全局收敛性,能有效实现欠驱动状态下船舶横向速度及位移的快速镇定.在此基础上引入一致性控制的思想,解决在输入量饱和情况下编队队形失效的问题,达到协调各船保持期望队形的目的.通过三艘船的仿真,对所设计控制器的正确性及有效性进行了验证.     

基于DVS制导算法的欠驱动船舶路径跟踪指令滤波滑模控制

针对欠驱动水面船舶在模型参数不确定和未知风浪流扰动情况下的路径跟踪问题,提出一种改进的动态虚拟小船(dynamical virtual ship,DVS)制导算法,并采用指令滤波反推法设计模型运动学回路的前进速度和艏摇角速度的虚拟控制律,进而将船舶路径跟踪问题转化为前进速度误差和艏摇角速度误差的镇定问题,在模型动力学回路上采用PI积分滑模控制方法设计实际控制律.该控制策略能够减少和避免因对虚拟控制律求导而造成的计算负担和高频噪声对系统的影响,且对模型参数不确定和未知扰动具有鲁棒性.仿真实验表明,该控制策略可实现船舶在模型参数不确定和未知风浪流扰动下对规划路径的精确跟踪.     

欠驱动水面船舶的轨迹跟踪模型预测控制器

针对在风、浪、流时变干扰下欠驱动水面船舶的轨迹跟踪控制问题,设计了一种基于模型预测控制的轨迹跟踪控制器.考虑到欠驱动船舶在没有横向驱动力情况下控制船舶纵向、横向和艏摇角3个自由度的运动,建立了仅有2个控制输入量且存在风、浪、流干扰下的非线性状态空间模型,在对模型近似线性化后应用线性模型预测控制方法设计出了一种考虑控制量极限约束、控制增量约束以及输出量约束的轨迹跟踪控制器.最后,在仿真环境下测试了系统对圆形轨迹的跟踪性能,并对约束进行了误差分析.结果表明,所设计的控制器能较好地满足跟踪性能,并能抵抗一定程度的环境干扰.     

多艘拖轮协助大型船舶靠泊的编队控制方法

为了研究多艘拖轮协助欠驱动大型船舶靠泊的控制,提出了一种采用拖轮编队来解决大型船舶靠泊问题的控制方法.在拖轮的水动力学模型中,将大型船舶对拖轮的反作用力视为未知输入,给出了一种干扰估计误差方程和原状态方程形成互联系统的干扰观测器.该干扰观测器使得拖轮速度实际值与期望值误差能够快速收敛.在干扰观测器的基础上给出了拖轮编队控制器设计,并分析了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

欠驱动船舶运动的非连续变参数镇定控制

为解决欠驱动船舶在风浪干扰下不同距离镇定控制及镇定参数优化问题,设计了非连续变参数控制算法.借助微分同胚变换及控制输入变换,将欠驱动船舶运动学及动力学模型转化为具有反馈链式级联形式的两个子系统,基于backstepping技术分别设计了反馈控制率.Lyapunov直接法证明该控制策略可使闭环系统所有信号全局一致渐进稳定.对干扰进行了Lyapunov补偿,得到原系统具有收敛参数可调的非连续反馈控制率.仿真结果表明,控制器对外界干扰具有鲁棒性;可以通过参数优化实现船舶不同距离镇定,并达到不同状态约束要求.     

无人机编队协同追踪控制律和编队信息架构

针对"长机-僚机"模式的无人机编队追踪运动目标出现姿态信息和位置信息不一致而导致碰撞的问题,设计了一种协同追踪控制器并对该控制器进行稳定性分析。该控制器以3架无人机构成的编队作为控制体,采用拉氏矢量场方法获取无人机编队追踪运动目标的轨迹,同时构建无人机之间的信息架构,实现无人机编队按照预期的姿态和位置信息在运动目标周围的圆形轨道飞行的目的。研究单架无人机的航迹规划和多无人机编队协同追踪:对于单架无人机的航迹规划,采用反馈控制完成航向收敛证明;对于多无人机编队,采用一种多变量控制器可以保持无人机编队在圆形轨道运动,同时使用未知风和运动目标的自适应估计量来确定无人机编队在圆形轨道飞行的稳定性。仿真结果表明:在追踪过程中,3架无人机能够快速(15 s)以相同的姿态和位置渐进靠近目标,同时保持相对稳定;在满足航向速率和空速条件时,任意两架无人机相对距离误差能够快速(10 s)收敛到稳定值。该控制器突破了多无人机编队近距协同追踪目标的局限,可为多无人机分布式控制器设计提供方法借鉴。     

欠驱动水下航行器编队协同控制

针对复杂海况中欠驱动无人水下航行器（UUV）的水平面上编队问题,结合路径跟踪控制和一致性算法构建编队运动控制策略.将编队任务分为两步:1）对于每个UUV个体设计路径跟踪控制器,完成对各自期望路径的跟踪;2）对于多个UUV之间设计一致性协同算法,完成UUV编队的协同运动;编队控制器设计考虑了外界海流干扰及UUV模型参数不确定性等因素.针对海流干扰设计干扰观测器,利用自适应技术对参数不确定性进行在线估计,最后通过仿真验证了所设计编队控制策略的有效性.     

基于生物启发反步级联控制方法的多AUV主从式编队

研究了自治水下机器人(AUV)在三维环境中主从式编队控制问题,提出一种基于生物启发反步级联控制方法.该方法利用领航者的位置信息以及期望的队形得到虚拟AUV的航行轨迹和速度信息,引入反步控制实现跟随AUV对虚拟AUV的轨迹跟踪,实现三维水下编队控制;利用生物启发神经网络有界性的特点,解决了速度跳变以及由此引起的驱动饱和问题.仿真结果表明,该方法实现了预期控制效果,并且有较好的有效性和实用性.     

基于干扰观测器的分布式四旋翼编队跟踪控制

针对具有模型不确定性和外部干扰的一组欠驱动四旋翼飞行器提出了一种基于干扰观测器的分布式编队跟踪控制策略.根据系统严格反馈的结构特点,将四旋翼的动力学模型划分为位置子系统和姿态子系统.首先,根据快速终端滑模方法(FTSM)设计了一个干扰观测器作为复合干扰的估计器;其次,基于图论和快速终端滑模技术,设计了分布式编队跟踪控制器来实现编队的形成和保持;并在两个子系统之间,引入三阶积分滤波器对姿态子系统的虚拟输入及其导数进行估计;最后,稳定性分析表明闭环控制系统是全局渐进稳定的.仿真结果表明所提出的分布式控制器是有效的.     

欠驱动船舶RBF神经网络路径自适应跟踪控制

针对模型参数未知和存在外界干扰的三自由度欠驱动水面船舶路径跟踪控制问题,提出一种RBF神经网络控制器.该算法利用神经网络的函数逼近特性对船舶模型未知的非线性部分在线逼近并与反步法相结合进行设计,同时实现前进速度在线可调.通过Lyapunov稳定性方法分析验证了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真计算验证了该控制策略的有效性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to