三点弯曲梁法研究混凝土断裂能及其试件尺寸影响

采用不同体积、厚度、跨度、高度４个系列计１４组最大尺寸为２４００ｍｉｎ×６００ｍｍ×６００ｍｍ的三点弯曲切口梁试件测试了混凝土断裂能ＧＦ．结果表明，断裂能有随试件体积的增大而增大、随试件跨度增大而减小的趋势。当试件厚度大于２００ｍｍ后，断裂能与试件厚度无关。随试件高度的增大，断裂能也随之增大．因此，混凝土断裂能同断裂韧度ＫＩＣ－样存在着明显的尺寸效应现象，其变化规律也基本一致．     

不同强度等级混凝土的断裂韧度、断裂能

采用尺寸为１５０ｍｉｎ×１５０ｍｍ×１５０ｍｍ三组楔入劈拉试件进行断裂试 验，研究不同强度等级混凝土的断裂韧度ＫＩＣ、断裂能ＧＦ及临界裂缝尖端张 开位移（Ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ Ｃｒａｃｋ Ｔｉｐ Ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ Ｄｉｓｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ）ＣＴＯＤｃ．研究结果表明， ＫＩＣ、ＧＦ随着抗压强度ｆｃ、劈裂抗拉强度ｆｔ的增大而增大，并且成线性关系； ＣＴＯＤｃ则不随试件的强度变化而变化．这与金属材料的断裂特性有明显的 区别．     

骨料粒径对混凝土断裂参数的影响

采用尺寸为４５０ｍｍ×４５０ｍｍ×４５０ｍｍ四组共１６块不同骨料粒径的楔入劈拉试件进行了断裂试验，研究骨料最大粒径Ｄ＿（ｍａｘ）对混凝土断裂韧度Ｋ＿（ＩＣ）、断裂能Ｇ＿Ｆ以及临界裂缝尖端张开位移ＣＴＯＤ＿ｃ的影响．结果表明，Ｋ＿（ＩＣ）、Ｇ＿Ｆ随骨料最大粒径Ｄ＿（ｍａｘ）的变化而变化。当Ｄ＿（ｍａｘ）≤４０ｍｍ时，Ｋ＿（ＩＣ）、Ｇ＿Ｆ随Ｄ＿（ｍａｘ）的增大而增大；当Ｄ＿（ｍａｘ）＞４０ｍｍ时，Ｋ＿（ＩＣ）、Ｇ＿Ｆ随Ｄ＿（ｍａｘ）的增大而减小且趋于稳定．而ＣＴＯＤ＿ｃ则与Ｄ＿（ｍａｘ）无关．     

疲劳荷载作用下混凝土裂缝扩展过程

采用尺寸为２００ｍｍ×２００ｍｍ×２００ｍｍ的楔入劈拉试件研究了在等幅重复荷载作用下砼裂缝的亚临界扩展过程．结果表明，砼在疲劳破坏前，裂缝存在着明显的亚临界扩展，其扩展长度约为６５ｍｍ．裂缝扩展速率ｄａ／ｄＮ符合Ｐａｒｉｓ公式     

混凝土裂缝扩展的CTODc准则

采用最大尺寸为７０ｃｍ×７０ｃｍ×２０ｃｍ的楔入劈拉试件进行了混凝土断裂试验。结果表明，当试件高度达４０ｃｍ以上时，所测得的临界裂缝尖端张开位移（ＣｒｉｔｉｃａｌＣｒａｃｋＴｉｐＯｐｅｎｉｎｇＤｉｓｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔ）ＣＴＯＤ＿ｃ值与试件尺寸无关。因此，采用ＣＴＯＤ＿ｃ从准则可以很好地应用于大体积混凝土结构的裂缝稳定性分析。     

骨料最大粒径对混凝土双K断裂参数的影响

将线弹性断裂理论与虚拟裂缝模型相合,利用契入劈拉试件在实验中测得的最大荷载Ｐｍａｘ及对应的裂缝口开位移ｕｍｃ、断裂能Ｇｒ等参数得到了混凝土裂缝亚临界扩展量△ａｃ的解析解,据此计算了尺寸为４５０ｍｍ＊４５０ｍｍ＊４５０ｍｍ４组不同骨料最大粒径混凝土试件的起裂断裂韧度Ｋ＾ｉｎｉ Ｉｃ失稳断裂韧度Ｋ＾ｕｍ Ｉｃ（即双Ｋ断裂参数）及临界裂缝尖端张开位移ｕＩｃ、结果表明,Ｋ＾ｉｎｉ Ｉｃ、Ｋ＾ｕｎＩｃ随骨料     

混凝土轴向拉伸全曲线试验及装置

介绍了一种简易的卧式拉力试验装置，应用该装置，测得了尺寸１００ｍｍ×１０ｍｍ×５５０ｍｍ的棱柱体混凝土试件的轴向拉伸应力－应变全曲线，该装置可以推广应用于测定全级配混凝土大试件的轴向拉伸应力－应变全曲线。     

混凝土楔入劈拉试件双K断裂参数叠加计算及其边界效应

采用楔入劈拉试件几何形式,进行了最大尺寸为1 200 mm×1 200 mm×200 mm混凝土断裂试验.根据试验获得的荷载张开口位移关系曲线,在线性渐近叠加假定的基础上,利用应力强度因子叠加原理计算了双K断裂参数,考虑了当楔形力的竖向分量、自重和支承反力三者不共线时,竖向分量和自重对裂缝尖端应力强度因子的贡献.试验结果表明,当试件高度大于600 mm时,测定的双K断裂参数是与尺寸无关的常数值;当试件高度低于600mm时,测定的双K断裂参数存在尺寸效应.采用边界效应模型分析发现,其尺寸效应与边界对断裂过程区发展的约束作用相关,试件的高度越小,边界的约束作用越强,测定的断裂韧度越小.经边界效应模型修正后,可得到与尺寸无关的常数值.     

混凝土断裂能G_F的尺寸效应研究

断裂能G_r是一个基于虚拟裂缝模型(FCM)并考虑了混凝土软化特性的断裂参数,此参数在混凝土结构的非线性开裂计算中是必不可少的。RILEM推荐采用三点弯曲梁作为测定G_r的试件,标准试件的断面尺寸为100mm×100mm,但也可采用更大尺寸的试件。因而,G_r的尺寸效应问题就必需研究。据此,作者进行了100mm×100mm×400mm,400mm×200mm×1600mm和800mm×400mm×3200mm三种尺寸的混凝土三点弯曲梁G_r的系列测试,发现G_r具有显著的尺寸效应。这一结论对大型混凝土结构的开裂分析有着重要的价值。本文就影响G_r尺寸效应的一些主要因素进行了分析和讨论。     

聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石断裂能试验研究

为了研究聚丙烯纤维对水泥稳定碎石断裂韧性的影响，通过对84个尺寸为100 mm × 100 mm × 515 mm的聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石和普通水泥稳定碎石三点弯曲试件断裂试验，测得了试件的断裂能(GF)、裂缝嘴张开位移(CMOD)和裂缝尖端张开位移(CTOD)，并探讨了试验龄期、聚丙烯纤维体积掺量以及水泥掺量对聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石断裂能的影响，对聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石的经济性和施工和易性进行了简要分析，给出了聚丙烯纤维体积掺量合适的建议范围为0.6‰ ～ 0.8‰。试验结果表明：聚丙烯纤维的掺入可以明显提高水泥稳定碎石的断裂能、极限裂缝嘴张开位移(CMODmax)和极限裂缝尖端张开位移(CTODmax)；随着试验龄期的增长，无论聚丙烯纤维掺入与否，水泥稳定碎石断裂能均呈增大趋势，但聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石断裂能增大的速率较大；随着纤维体积掺量的增加，水泥稳定碎石断裂能、CMODmax和CTODmax逐渐增大，尤其是当纤维体积掺量大于0.6‰时，GF增大的效果更为明显；随水泥掺量的增加，聚丙烯纤维水泥稳定碎石试件的极限荷载逐渐增加，但断裂能却逐渐减小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to