水力脉冲空化射流钻井工具在渤南油田的应用

近年来,在胜利油区深井勘探开发中,钻井难度越来越大,钻井周期长,机械钻速低。为此,胜利油田开展了钻井提速工具的研究和试验,设计出一种新型水力脉冲空化射流钻井工具。通过在渤南油田的义7区块多口中深井现场试验,证明了该工具,对渤南油田的地层具有较好的适应性,与常规钻具组合配合使用可将机械钻速提高17.7～80.4%,降低了钻井成本。     

自吸环空流体式自激振荡脉冲射流性能分析与优化

为了充分利用井底水力能量提高钻速,提出自吸环空流体式自激振荡脉冲射流钻井技术。采用大涡模拟与试验研究相结合的方法,分析自吸环空流体式自激振荡脉冲射流的调制机制及射流调制工具的结构参数对射流性能的影响。采用正交试验法进行数值模拟试验,优选射流调制工具的结构参数。结果表明:结构参数对射流性能影响显著,结构合理的吸入式自激振荡射流的性能明显优于非吸入式脉冲射流;射流调制工具出口脉冲射流速度脉动值与破岩深度之间呈显著的线性相关,脉动值越大,射流破岩效果越好。数值计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,表明所用研究方法可行。     

利用亥姆霍兹共鸣器衰减压缩机阀腔内压力脉动的研究

针对压缩机管路气流脉动问题,提出了一种适用于活塞压缩机阀腔气流脉动衰减的亥姆霍兹共鸣器结构,并对其衰减特性进行了研究,同时建立了某活塞压缩机排气管路气流脉动的三维波动模型,模拟了气柱固有频率及压力脉动波形.实验结果表明:安装亥姆霍兹共鸣器后,压缩机阀腔内的压力脉动幅值降低40.4％,缓冲罐之后的远离压缩机侧的管路内压力脉动幅值变化很小;管路气缸喉管处的52.9 Hz特征频率消失,该处附近出现了2个新频率,分别为40.4 Hz和66.9Hz;当共鸣器共振频率偏离脉动主频且为46.3 Hz时,阀腔内压力脉动幅值将衰减24.4％.     

自振射流喷嘴振荡腔内信号检测方法

为了获取喷嘴振荡腔内的压力脉动信号,提出一种新的检测方法。首先分析自振射流的特性,设计了产生自振射流的喷嘴结构;结合计算流体动力学分析喷嘴腔内动压分布,确定测压点位置;运用流体网络理论分析自振射流的频率特性,在此基础上确定用于实验的微型高响应压力传感器;考虑到腔内振荡信号的非平稳性,采用希尔伯特-黄变换( HHT)信号分析方法。实验结果表明,腔内振荡信号主要集中于40~60 Hz、110~150 Hz和200~310 Hz三个频带,且组成频率成分所对应的幅值差异明显;距离喷嘴出口较近处,自振信号振幅较大,频带窄。     

准噶尔南缘深井机械比能分析与钻井参数优化

准噶尔盆地南缘深部地层具有埋藏深、岩石抗压强度高、可钻性差等特点,导致复杂情况多、钻井周期长,单井平均钻井周期335 d,深部地层平均机械钻速在2 m/h以下,提高机械钻速是南缘深部地层钻井的迫切需求和巨大挑战。针对南缘深部地层复杂条件,建立井口载荷与钻头载荷之间的关系,分析螺杆钻具输出特性,推导复合钻井机械比能模型。以HT1井五开ϕ190.5 mm井段实钻数据为基础,针对不同地层分析南缘深部地层机械比能与机械钻速之间的关系,优选钻井方式,确定合理的钻井参数范围。机械比能分析表明,连木沁组对转速不敏感,推荐采用常规钻井方式并适当增加钻压;胜金口组和呼图壁河组推荐采用复合钻井,适当提高钻压;清水河组和喀拉扎组扭冲提速效果不明显,建议尝试新型提速工具,考虑尝试高钻压、适当转速的参数组合。研究结果可为后续南缘深部地层提高钻速提供参考。     

牙轮钻头自激振荡脉冲喷嘴的实验研究

在理论和实验研究的基础上,设计了几种用于牙轮钻头的自激振荡脉冲喷嘴,在常压下进行了射流脉冲压力测试和冲蚀天然红砂岩的实验。实验结果表明,所设计的风琴管自激脉冲喷嘴和亥姆霍兹振荡腔脉冲喷嘴具有很强的脉冲效果,其冲蚀岩石能力大大高于普通锥形喷嘴,其中风琴管自激脉冲喷嘴的脉冲效果和破岩能力最强。实验还表明,自激振荡脉冲喷嘴射流存在最优喷距,最优喷距的大小为喷嘴出口直径的7～14倍。自激振荡脉冲喷嘴可直接应用在钻头上,能提高钻井速度,降低钻井成本。     

脉冲式增压器增压特性研究

由于深井、超深井数量的增加,传统机械式钻头破岩钻井已无法满足钻井效率需求。为此设计了脉冲式增压器用以提高深井、超深井钻井效率,降低钻井成本。基于所设计的增压器的结构和工作原理,考虑螺杆转速、高压喷嘴直径、钻井液密度和冲程等因素对增压效果的影响,建立数学模型。在此基础之上,考虑脉冲式增压器不发生自锁的条件,并分别分析转速、钻井液密度、高压喷嘴直径和冲程对增压频率、喷嘴流速和增压压力的影响。得到增压器各影响因素与增压特性之间的关系。旨在为设计的增压器提供理论支撑与优化依据。结论认为:高压喷嘴流速和增压压力随着螺杆转速、冲程的增大而增大,并且增压特性较好。随着高压喷嘴直径的增大出口流速和增压压力明显降低,增压能力明显变弱。随着钻井液密度增大,出口流速和增压压力稍微增大,其对增压特性影响不明显。喷嘴高压射流频率仅受转速影响,随着转速增大而增大。要想获得较好增压特性,螺杆转速应不低于100 r/min,活塞行程不低于25 mm,高压喷嘴直径不大于1.4 mm。     

自吸环空流体式自激振荡脉冲粒子射流调制机制分析

基于现有技术分析,提出利用环空水力能量在井下调制脉冲粒子射流用于硬地层钻井提速的技术设想。模拟分析所提出的自吸环空流体式自激振荡脉冲射流调制元件吸入环空粒子,并振荡加速形成脉冲粒子射流的机制。结果表明:随着围压、粒径、粒子密度和泵压的增大,粒子在自激振荡腔室内的停留时间逐渐缩短,运行轨迹趋于简化;粒子出口速度随着围压、粒径和泵压的增大而增大,随着粒子密度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,存在最优粒子密度。研究结果证实了井下调制式脉冲粒子射流钻井方法的原理可行,为实际钻井技术的发展提供了重要依据。     

脉冲波作用下地层流体渗流规律研究

通过对脉冲波作用下地层流体在地层中传播的动力学机理的研究,结合波动力学理论,建立了脉冲波作用下地层流体的渗流方程.假设脉冲波作用下地层流体速度是地层流体原来的流速与n次脉冲波作用下振动速度的叠加,得到了脉冲波作用下地层流体的流速方程.结合实例分析了距离、时间、脉冲频率和脉冲振幅对渗流速度的影响.随着距离增大,渗流速度的振幅逐渐减小,直至为零;随着频率的增大,渗流速度的振幅开始逐渐减小,而后又变大;随着脉冲振幅的增大,各点的流速振幅逐渐增大.建立波动条件下的渗流方程可以从理论上了解不同参数对渗流速度的影响,为脉冲波采油技术在现场的应用提供理论依据.     

附壁振荡射流元件频率范围的试验

对比了流量计射流元件、涡腔自激振荡射流元件和附壁振荡射流元件的结构和工作原理,其中附壁振荡射流元件具有振荡频率可调节的特点,为了将该元件应用到液气射流泵内,以振荡射流这种新的形式进行工作,对该射流元件产生的振荡射流频率范围进行了分析,由测量元件壁面压力脉动的方法获得附壁振荡频率.结果表明:射流元件在结构尺寸固定,工作压力一定时,信号水流量和信号水导管长度存在合适的范围使元件正常工作,当超出该范围时,射流元件的主射流散乱;当工作压力范围为200～450 kPa,信号水导管长度范围为300～1 000 mm,信号水流量范围为160～425 g.min-1时,获得的附壁振荡频率范围为0.8～2.7 Hz;提高附壁振荡频率方法之一是减小元件的结构尺寸.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to