厦门几种猛禽体内的重金属分布

测定厦门4种猛禽:草鸮(Tytocapensis)、东方角鸮(Otus sunia)、燕隼(Falco subbuteo)和红隼(Falcotinnunculus)体内铜、锌、铅、镉的含量,研究以上4种元素在猛禽不同组织中的分布规律.结果表明:在草鸮和东方角鸮的5种组织中,羽毛、肌肉、肝脏和心脏的重金属分布规律是Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd,在骨头中为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd;在燕隼和红隼体内5种组织中的重金属分布规律也为Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在猛禽的肝脏、心脏以及骨骼中的含量较高,而在肌肉中的含量较低.猛禽体内的重金属含量主要受环境污染程度、食性以及鸟类富集重金属能力的影响.     

南昌市常见鸟类对环境中Cu、Pb、Cd重金属污染物的指示作用研究

鸟类是环境监测的代表性指示生物之一,为研究南昌市Cu、Pb、Cd的重金属污染状况,于2009年4～11月,在南昌市鸟类主要林栖地收集了6种鸟类(牛背鹭、燕子、白鹭、斑鸠、麻雀、白头鹎),用原子吸收法分别测定了这6种鸟类的心、肝、肺、胗、肌肉、绒羽和飞羽样品中Cu、Pb、Cd的含量.结果表明:3种重金属在这6种鸟体内的富集顺序是一致的,即Cu ＞Pb＞Cd;但重金属的富集存在明显的种间差异,6种鸟类的飞羽对这3种重金属富集量的大小各不相同,且富集能力因组织和元素的种类不同而不同;肝脏是Cu和Cd富集的目标器官,肺是Pb富集的目标器官.相同组织中的重金属含量因鸟的年龄大小也有差异,普遍规律是:成鸟＞幼鸟.经与其它地区比较,发现南昌市白鹭的飞羽对Cu、Cd的富集量低于法国Camargue生物圈保护区,而Pb的富集量高于厦门白鹭自然保护区、香港米埔自然保护区和法国Camar-gue生物圈保护区,说明南昌市的Pb污染较严重,而Cu、Cd的污染较轻.     

厦门白鹭保护区白鹭体内重金属含量的分析

采用原子吸收法测定及比较厦门白鹭自然保护区鸡屿岛的白鹭(Egrettagarzetta)雏鸟和成鸟体内铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)的含量.结果显示,4种重金属在白鹭肌肉和羽毛组织中的含量都是Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd;白鹭成鸟羽毛中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为6.029±0.005,0.356±0.100,7.269±1.452,117.275±63.420(μg/g干质量);成鸟肌肉组织中的4种重金属含量高于雏鸟.提示白鹭体内重金属含量随着分布地区、年龄和器官组织的不同而发生变化,重金属随着年龄增长而产生富集,厦门白鹭体内的Pb、Cd、Zn含量高于香港米埔和法国Camargue区域.     

青藏高原东南缘高山峡谷区舍饲牦牛与环境重金属元素含量分析

研究青藏高原东南缘高山峡谷区舍饲牦牛与环境重金属元素含量及关联性,采集5个县8个牦牛养殖场的组织样及饲料、土壤和饮水样品,采用ICP-OES等方法对重金属含量进行测定.结果表明,牦牛肝脏和肾脏中Cd元素含量为0.124 mg/kg、0.727 mg/kg,高于相关标准(≤0.1 mg/kg),存在Cd污染风险;粗饲料、精饲料和酒糟中Cr的含量,水中As、Pb、Cd和Cr的含量,以及土壤中Cd的含量均高于相关标准,受污染风险较大;牦牛组织中As与Pb、Cr和Ni,及Pb与Cd具有同源性,但尚不能确定这些元素具体来源于土壤及饲料或饮用水.结论:牦牛肝脏和肾脏存在Cd污染风险;组织As与Pb、Cr和Ni,以及Pb与Cd具有同源性,具体来源有待进一步研究.     

不同地点及性别的白鹭、池鹭羽毛的重金属含量分析

测定了采自福建省5个地区和广东省汕头市的白鹭(Egretta garzetta)和池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)成鸟羽毛中铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)7种重金属元素的含量.结果:重金属在两种鹭鸟的羽毛中积累规律都为:Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>As>Cd.比较了武夷山、鸡屿、安海和汕头的白鹭羽毛样本的重金属的含量,结果Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb的含量存在显著的地区性差异,汕头地区的Cr、As含量最高而Mn、Zn、Pb含量最低;比较了武夷山和建瓯池鹭羽毛样本的重金属的含量,结果Ni和As的含量存在显著的地区性差异,武夷山地区的Ni含量较高而As含量较低.比较了武夷山地区池鹭、白鹭羽毛的重金属含量,Cr和As在池鹭中较高,Zn在白鹭中较高.比较了汕头地区白鹭雌雄羽毛样本,只有Cd的含量在雌性和雄性的羽毛中有显著差异.     

北京城区麻雀体内污染物的研究

通过比较重工业区和对照区麻雀（Passer montanus)的肝脏、胸肌和初级飞羽中砷（As)、硒（Se)以及重金属汞（Hg)、铬（Cr)、镉（Cd)、铅（Pb）、锰（Mn)、铜（Cu）的质量分数,探讨了将麻雀作为环境指示物种的可行性。分析结果表明,重工业区麻雀体内污染物的质量分数明显高于对照区;成鸟体内的Hg,Se,Cd,Pb,Cu明显高于幼鸟;重工业区麻雀羽毛中Se,Cd,Pb,Mn和Cu的质量分数显著高于对照区;对比羽毛和其他组织中各元素的聚集量,发现羽毛中Cd,Mn,Cu的质量分数和肝脏、肌肉中的呈显著性正相关,这几种元素在羽毛中的积累和在其他组织中的积累有线性关系。这显示采用麻雀羽毛监测环境中某些元素的污染是可行的,麻雀能够作为城市环境的指示物种。     

红皮云杉不同器官对土壤重金属的富集特征

为了解不同污染等级下红皮云杉不同器官的富集特征,运用室外采样和室内测定相结合的方法,测定了红皮云杉树叶、树枝、树皮、树根和根际土壤中3种重金属元素(Pb、Cd、Cr)的含量。在污染等级1中,各器官重金属含量大小顺序为树皮树枝树根树叶,在污染等级2中,各器官重金属含量大小顺序为树皮树根树枝树叶。各器官对Cd、Cr和Pb的富集能力为树皮树枝树根树叶。各重金属元素含量在红皮云杉中的总趋势为CrPbCd,富集能力总趋势为CdCrPb,反映出红皮云杉对Cd的低吸收高富集能力。随着土壤重金属污染等级的增加,红皮云杉对Cd和Cr的富集能力增加。单株红皮云杉不同重金属元素积累量为CrPbCd,富集效能为树根树枝树叶树皮,树根对各重金属元素的积累量明显高于其他器官。因而,红皮云杉可以作为对土壤中Cr、Pb污染场地进行修复和治理的备选树种。     

杭州市和睦湿地农田蔬菜中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni污染评价及富集特性研究

就杭州市和睦湿地农田土壤不同蔬菜中Cu、Zn、Ph、Cd、Cr和Ni污染状况及富集特性进行了研究．结果表明,所检6种蔬菜的茎叶和根系中平均含Cu量、含zn量以及含Cd量均未超标,而Pb含量远远超过了限量标准．从单项污染指数看,各蔬菜（雪菜、芥菜、大白菜、小白菜、蚕豆、萝卜茎叶中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni均达清洁水平．但是,6种蔬菜的茎叶及根系中Pb污染均达重度污染程度．从综合污染指数看,6种蔬菜茎叶及根系重金属污染程度均属于重度污染,且各蔬菜茎叶的综合污染指数大小顺序为：蚕豆〉萝卜〉芥菜〉小白菜〉大白菜〉雪菜．不同蔬菜茎叶及根系对重金属的富集能力大小顺序均为Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd,各蔬菜茎叶对重金属Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd多为轻度富集,而对Pb则多为中度富集和高度富集,且不同蔬菜茎叶Pb富集系数大小顺序为：蚕豆〉萝卜〉芥菜〉小白菜〉大白菜〉雪菜,故和睦湿地农田土壤及蔬菜中的Pb污染应引起重视．     

涠洲岛珊瑚骨骼重金属水平及其生物富集效应

前人研究表明珊瑚骨骼中重金属元素的含量能有效指示其生存的海水环境状况。本文在涠洲岛海域的6个站位采集了3种18个珊瑚样品,室内测试了这些珊瑚样品的5类重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr)的含量,进而探讨了涠洲岛海域的重金属状况。结果表明:(1)除Cu含量存在显著的珊瑚种间差异外,其余4种重金属元素没有明显的种间差异性;(2)与其他区域珊瑚骨骼重金属含量相比较,涠洲岛珊瑚的Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量相对较低,但Zn的含量相对较高;(3)涠洲岛西岸海域的重金属元素含量高于东岸,这与当地的石油开采平台、船舶运输以及岛上石油终端处理厂的活动有关;(4)珊瑚骨骼对这5种重金属元素的的富集存在一定的种间差异,如帛琉蜂巢珊瑚对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的富集作用最强,十字牡丹珊瑚则对Pb的生物富集作用最强。     

石家庄市公交站点尘土重金属的生物可给性及人体健康风险评估

利用PBET法研究石家庄市建设大街15个公交站点表层尘土中Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的生物可给性,并采用US EPA人体健康风险模型对6种重金属的健康风险进行评价。结果表明：与河北省土壤元素背景值相比,Mn和Cr在各站点的的含量未超过背景值,Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb在各站点含量均超过背景值,其中Cd的富集程度最大。重金属溶解态量在胃和肠阶段差异较大,除在运河桥客运站Cr的溶解态量肠阶段大于胃阶段外,各重金属在所有站点溶解态量胃阶段均高于肠阶段。在所有站点中,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Mn和Cr的生物可给性分别为40.57%~90.31%、45.67%~77.57%、61.03%~84.14%、49.05%~82.99%、59.46%~85.32%和11.36%~54.17%。儿童的非致癌风险商(HQ)和致癌风险商(CR)高于成人。6种重金属在各站点的HQ均小于１,在安全阈值之内。Cr和Cd在各站点的CR在1×10^-6~1×10^-4范围内,对儿童及成人存在一定致癌风险,但尚可接受;Pb在各站点的CR小于1×10^-6,对儿童及成人的致癌风险甚微,可忽略。     

聚酰胺树脂对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)富集分离的研究

以戊二醛、三乙烯四胺、乙二胺为原料,制备了聚酰胺树脂.用聚酰胺树脂填充分离柱,在1 mol/L的酸度条件下,以5 mL/min的流速洗脱Cr(Ⅵ),Cr(Ⅵ)被全部吸附而Cr(Ⅲ)不被吸附.被吸附的Cr(Ⅵ)用10g/L氢氧化钠从聚酰胺分离柱上洗脱.分离的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)用棓花青褪色光度法在530 nm下分别测定其含量.此法对10 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)测定的相对标准偏差分别为1.24%和1.41%,加标回收率为92.0%和96.8%,实验结果令人满意.     

Structure and magnetic properties of ZnO:Cr prepared by Cr ion implantation into ZnO crystals

ZnO:Cr layer was prepared by Cr ion implantation into ZnO bulk crystals. The structural, optical, and magnetic properties of the ZnO:Cr layer were studied with X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and superconductor quantum interferometer, respectively. The ZnO:Cr layer implanted Cr with a dose of 5 10 16 cm 2 remained wurtzite structure and exhibited near-band-edge photoluminescence at 3.365 eV with full-width at half-maximum of 8.4 meV at 10 K. The magnetic measurement showed that the ferromagnetism changed at room temperature by different Cr concentration. For samples implanted to high doses, remanent magnetization reached 1.805 10 -4 emu/g and coercive field was 244.5 Oe. Hall effect measurement showed a decrease of the resistivity from 251.7 cmto 28.6 cmafter annealing at 800 ℃. The magnetism is interpreted by bound magnetic polarons, which were taken into account of the process that electrons were locally trapped by oxygen vacancies and occupied the orbitals that overlapped with d shell of neighboring Cr ions.     

六价铬还原菌的筛选及其还原特性研究

从福州污水处理厂的活性污泥中筛选到一菌株,高效抗Cr(Ⅵ),能把水体中高毒的Cr(Ⅵ)还原成低毒的Cr(Ⅲ).研究了该菌的生长条件,探讨了pH值、温度、初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度、接种量及共存金属离子对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响.研究结果表明:该菌株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,有较强的还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力;在有氧、pH8.0、温度30℃及5.0g/L葡萄糖的条件下,20mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)可完全被还原;且Cr(Ⅵ)的还原不受共存重金属离子的影响.     

Measurement of Chromium Content in Ramie through the DPC Color Development Spectrophotometry

Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry was used to test the chromium (Cr) content of bast fiber by using diphenylcarbazide (DPC) as color reagent.The results showed that complexes were formed from Cr (Ⅵ) ions and DPC under phosphoric acid condition.There was a maximum positive absorption peak at 540 nm.Cr (Ⅵ) concentration ( in the range of 0.004-1.000 mg · L-1 ) and the absorbance of complex obeyed the Lambert-Beer law.The optimal technology was dropping volume of phosphoric acid 0.4-0.6 mL,DPC content 2.0-4.0 mL,and coloration time 5-10 min.The total Cr content in bast fiber samples from a Cr mine area was tested,and the results showed that the total Cr contents decreased along the water flow of river.     

An improved implementable process for the synthesis of zeolite 4A from bauxite tailings and its Cr<Superscript>3+</Superscript> removal capacity

A simple and practical method for the synthesis of zeolite 4A from bauxite tailings is presented in this paper. Systematic investigations were carried out regarding the capacity of zeolite 4A to remove Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solutions with relatively low initial concentrations of Cr(Ⅲ) (5–100 mg·L-1). It is found that the new method is extremely cost-effective and can significantly contribute in decreasing environmental pollution caused by the dumping of bauxite tailings. The Cr(Ⅲ) removal capacity highly depends on the initial pH value and concentration of Cr(Ⅲ) in the solution. The maximum removal capacity of Cr(Ⅲ) was evaluated to be 85.1 mg·g-1 for zeolite 4A, measured at an initial pH value of 4 and an initial Cr(Ⅲ) concentration of 5 mg·L-1. This approach enables a higher removal capacity at lower concentrations of Cr(Ⅲ), which is a clear advantage over the chemical precipitation method. The removal mechanism of Cr(Ⅲ) by zeolite 4A was examined. The results suggest that both ion exchange and the surface adsorption-crystallization reaction are critical steps. These two steps collectively resulted in the high removal capacity of zeolite 4A to remove Cr(Ⅲ).     

A comparative study of four modified Al coatings on Ni3Al-based single crystal superalloy

Four modified Al diffusion coatings (Al, Cr? Al, Al?Si and Cr? Al ? Si coatings) were prepared on Ni3Al based single crystal superalloy IC20. The oxidation tests were carried out at 1 150 °C for up to 100 h. Cyclic hot corrosion tests were carried out at 950 °C for 50 h. The results indicate that the oxidation and corrosion resistance s of IC20 alloy are improved significantly by the coatings, and both oxidation and hot corrosion resistances of the four coatings are rated in the order (from worst to best) of Cr ? Al, Al, Cr ? Al ? Si, Al? Si coatings. It is found that the degradations of Al and Cr ? Al coatings are very quick due to the serious inter-diffusion between the coatings and substrates. The inter-diffusion between Si-containing coatings and substrates is reduced since Si effe ctively retards the outward diffusion of Mo. The weak effects of Cr and benefit effects of Si to the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance were discussed. The hot corrosion degradation mechanism of superalloy IC20 was analyzed.     

A comparative study of four modified Al coatings on Ni3Al-based single crystal superalloy

Four modified Al diffusion coatings (Al, Cr–Al, Al–Si and Cr–Al–Si coatings) were prepared on Ni₃Al based single crystal superalloy IC20. The oxidation tests were carried out at 1 150 °C for up to 100 h. Cyclic hot corrosion tests were carried out at 950 °C for 50 h. The results indicate that the oxidation and corrosion resistances of IC20 alloy are improved significantly by the coatings, and both oxidation and hot corrosion resistances of the four coatings are rated in the order (from worst to best) of Cr–Al, Al, Cr–Al–Si, Al–Si coatings. It is found that the degradations of Al and Cr–Al coatings are very quick due to the serious inter-diffusion between the coatings and substrates. The inter-diffusion between Si-containing coatings and substrates is reduced since Si effectively retards the outward diffusion of Mo. The weak effects of Cr and benefit effects of Si to the oxidation and hot corrosion resistance were discussed. The hot corrosion degradation mechanism of superalloy IC20 was analyzed.     

辽河口盐沼湿地表层沉积物重金属污染评价

以辽河入海口典型盐沼湿地土壤为研究对象,采集6个区域内盐地碱蓬盐沼湿地和裸地中0~<10和10~ 20cm 深度的土壤样品,测定土壤中 As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg7种重金属的质量分数,揭示其空间分布规律并对其污染 风险进行评价. 结果表明,6个区域重金属 As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和 Zn的平均质量分数分别为12.23、0.33、62.25、24.29、 23.75和74.12mg·kg-1,Hg未检出. 在盐地碱蓬盐沼区域,表层土壤(0~<10cm 深度)As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和 Zn质量 分数的最高值都出现在远离河口一侧的样地 D;10~20cm 深度 As、Cd、Cu、Pb和 Zn质量分数的最高值都出现在远离 河口一侧的样地 E,而 Cr质量分数的最高值出现在远离河口一侧的样地 D. 在裸地区域,表层土壤 As、Cr、Cu、Pb和 Zn 质量分数的最高值都出现在远离河口一侧的样地 F,而 Cd质量分数的最高值出现在远离河口一侧的样地 D. 因此重金 属质量分数在整个研究区域的空间上呈现由河流向海方向增长的趋势. 运用地质累积指数法对7种重金属的污染进行 评价,整个研究区内重金属为低污染水平,污染程度由大到小依次为 Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Hg      

Al-Cr中间合金在熔融Al-Zn-Mg-Si-Fe镀液中的扩散反应研究

以Al-Cr中间合金锭和熔融Al-Zn-Mg-Si-Fe镀液为研究对象,研究了Al-Cr中间合金锭浸入含不同质量分数Fe的630 ℃熔融镀液15 h的扩散反应。使用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪分析了扩散前后Al-Cr中间合金锭组织和成分的变化,同时研究了镀液中Fe质量分数对Cr溶解度的影响。研究发现,随着镀液中的Zn、Mg、Si、Fe长时间向Al-Cr锭内部扩散,Al-Cr锭中原有的Al基体的组织转变成了与镀液成分相近的组织,原有的富Cr第二相转变成了Al-Cr-Zn-Si相和Al-(Fe, Cr)-Si相。随着Al-Cr锭中的Cr向镀液扩散,镀液中Cr质量分数升高,并在5 h后达到饱和。由于Cr和Al、Fe、Si优先形成了Al-(Fe, Cr)-Si金属间化合物,因此镀液中的Fe显著降低了Cr元素的饱和溶解度,当镀液Fe质量分数由0.10%增加至0.42%时,镀液中Cr质量分数由0.047%～0.059%减少至0.012%～0.016%。     

Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event

The enrichment of redox-sensitive trace metals in ancient marine sedimentary rocks has been used to determine the timing of the oxidation of the Earth's land surface. Chromium (Cr) is among the emerging proxies for tracking the effects of atmospheric oxygenation on continental weathering; this is because its supply to the oceans is dominated by terrestrial processes that can be recorded in the Cr isotope composition of Precambrian iron formations. However, the factors controlling past and present seawater Cr isotope composition are poorly understood. Here we provide an independent and complementary record of marine Cr supply, in the form of Cr concentrations and authigenic enrichment in iron-rich sedimentary rocks. Our data suggest that Cr was largely immobile on land until around 2.48?Gyr ago, but within the 160?Myr that followed--and synchronous with independent evidence for oxygenation associated with the Great Oxidation Event (see, for example, refs 4-6)--marked excursions in Cr content and Cr/Ti ratios indicate that Cr was solubilized at a scale unrivalled in history. As Cr isotope fractionations at that time were muted, Cr must have been mobilized predominantly in reduced, Cr(III), form. We demonstrate that only the oxidation of an abundant and previously stable crustal pyrite reservoir by aerobic-respiring, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria could have generated the degree of acidity required to solubilize Cr(III) from ultramafic source rocks and residual soils. This profound shift in weathering regimes beginning at 2.48?Gyr ago constitutes the earliest known geochemical evidence for acidophilic aerobes and the resulting acid rock drainage, and accounts for independent evidence of an increased supply of dissolved sulphate and sulphide-hosted trace elements to the oceans around that time. Our model adds to amassing evidence that the Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic boundary was marked by a substantial shift in terrestrial geochemistry and biology.