水对[Bmim]Cl/AlCl_3离子液体中活性离子的影响

以[Bmim]Cl/AlCl_3电解液为研究对象,采用激光拉曼分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、差热-热重同时分析等方法研究了水对[Bmim]Cl/AlCl_3(MR1.0∶2.0)体系中AlCl_4~-和Al_2Cl_7~-活性离子的影响,阐述了水在[Bmim]Cl/AlCl_3体系中的反应过程,测定了生成物的具体成分。实验结果表明,当水的物质的量小于[Bmim]Cl时,可以配成[Bmim]Cl/AlCl3(MR1∶2),但溶液粘度增加;当水的物质的量大于[Bmim]Cl时,随着水含量的增加,溶液由浑浊逐渐生成白色絮状固体。通过激光拉曼分析,加水后对[Bmim]Cl离子液体没有影响。当[Bmim]Cl/AlCl_3体系中有水的存在时,水会与体系中的AlCl_4~-和Al_2Cl_7~-等活性离子发生反应,完全破坏了离子的活性。反应后生成的产物符合聚氯化铝的分子式Al_n(OH)_mCl_(3n-m),为[Al(OH)_2Cl]_n。     

激光诱导黄铜中Zn等离子体光谱的时间演化特性

在常温常压下, 利用自建的激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）实验装置获得纳秒激光诱导黄铜等离子体光谱, 研究发射光谱中Zn等离子体光谱在增强型光电耦合器件（ICCD）门延迟为150~3 000 ns时的演化规律, 并利用Stark展宽系数及能级跃迁参数计算等离子体的电子温度和电子密度随ICCD门延迟的演化规律. 实验结果表明: 当ICCD门延迟为150~500 ns时, 初始阶段光谱呈较强的连续谱, 随着ICCD门延迟的增大, 在连续谱上逐渐凸显Zn原子的线状特征谱线, 特征谱线强度在ICCD门延迟为500 ns时达最大; 继续增大ICCD门延迟, 谱线强度逐渐减小, 当ICCD门延迟为3 000 ns时, 等离子体的特征谱线信号基本消失; 谱线强度和电子温度随ICCD门延迟的变化一致, 电子密度和ZnⅠ(481.0 nm)谱线的半高宽随ICCD的变化接近指数拟合.     

激光诱导黄铜中Zn等离子体光谱的时间演化特性

在常温常压下, 利用自建的激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）实验装置获得纳秒激光诱导黄铜等离子体光谱, 研究发射光谱中Zn等离子体光谱在增强型光电耦合器件（ICCD）门延迟为150~3 000 ns时的演化规律, 并利用Stark展宽系数及能级跃迁参数计算等离子体的电子温度和电子密度随ICCD门延迟的演化规律. 实验结果表明: 当ICCD门延迟为150~500 ns时, 初始阶段光谱呈较强的连续谱, 随着ICCD门延迟的增大, 在连续谱上逐渐凸显Zn原子的线状特征谱线, 特征谱线强度在ICCD门延迟为500 ns时达最大; 继续增大ICCD门延迟, 谱线强度逐渐减小, 当ICCD门延迟为3 000 ns时, 等离子体的特征谱线信号基本消失; 谱线强度和电子温度随ICCD门延迟的变化一致, 电子密度和ZnⅠ(481.0 nm)谱线的半高宽随ICCD的变化接近指数拟合.     

CuSO4水溶液中Cu元素的激光诱导击穿光谱研究

通过单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS),测定了CuSO4水溶液中微量重金属元素Cu的LIBS光谱.研究Cu原子LIBS光谱信号的时间演化特性,激光功率密度对LIBS光谱信号的影响,测定Cu元素浓度在31.25ppm到1000ppm区域内变化时324.75nm谱线的强度,由定标曲线拟合结果得到铜元素的检测限为23ppm.     

激光诱导液相基质等离子体电子温度的时间演化特性研究

通过单脉冲激光烧蚀MgSO4水溶液射流产生激光等离子体,通过调节ICCD门脉冲相对激光脉冲的延时,测定了液相基质中激光等离子体中Mg元素的时间分辨发射光谱.实验结果表明,当ICCD门延时在0.6μs-1.6μs范围内变化时,谱线强度随延时的增大逐渐减小,但减小的速度越来越慢;谱线的信噪比有一个先上升后缓慢减小并趋于稳定的过程.同时,利用Boltzmann斜线法对Mg原子谱线(518.36nm,517.268nm,516.732nm,383.829nm,383.230nm,382.935nm)进行拟合,得到了不同延时下Mg等离子体的电子温度范围为4772K-6281K,线性相关系数为0.958.拟合结果说明本实验条件下得到的液相基质激光等离子体满足局部热平衡条件.     

藏药七十味珍珠丸的激光诱导击穿光谱检测

采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对藏药七十味珍珠丸进行了定性研究.利用高能量Nd:YAG脉冲激光器1 064 nm光束聚焦待测样品表面产生等离子体,并用光谱仪和ICCD来探测其光谱信号.通过采集的光谱图分析得到该藏药中含有Mg、Ca、Na、Fe、Al、Si、K、Li、Hg、Pb、Au等10种元素,其中Hg、Pb、Au为重金属元素.另外,还对不同价态的Pb元素进行了LIBS的时间演化研究,结果表明:应用LIBS技术可以探测藏药所含元素的价态.     

氯化铝对脱水污泥超临界水气化产氢的影响

如何选择或开发合适的催化剂以提高产氢量成为污泥超临界水气化技术,是实现实际应用的关键。选取氯化铝(AlCl_3)作为催化剂,以污水厂脱水污泥为对象,采用间歇式高温高压反应釜,在400℃、24 MPa、30 min的条件下进行超临界水催化气化实验。分析AlCl_3对脱水污泥超临界水气化产氢以及关键产物的影响,探讨AlCl_3的催化机理。结果表明,AlCl_3能够显著促进脱水污泥超临界水气化产氢,在6wt%添加量下氢气产率达到11.52 mol/kg OM,比不添加提高了近43倍。AlCl_3的添加会促进小分子有机物聚合生成酚类物质,抑制小分子聚合生成焦炭。AlCl_3催化机理是水解生成HCl和A_l2(OH)_3。HCl作为酸性水解剂,促进污泥中碳水化合物在亚临界条件下水热解转化成小分子物质,并进一步在超临界条件下气化产生氢气;Al_2(OH)_3作为碱性化合物催化剂,促进水气转化反应促进产氢,二者共同作用促进脱水污泥超临界水气化产氢。     

LIBS技术在线检测重金属污染物的应用研究

指出了激光击穿光谱(LIBS)是一种新型的元素分析技术,具有灵敏度高、快速、可多元素同时测量并可在线检测等优点,非常适合针对环境中重金属污染物的实时在线检测.利用自行搭建的一套激光击穿光谱实验装置,开展了对烟气、污水、土壤中重金属的LIBS探测的实验研究,实验结果表明:LIBS技术为解决环境中重金属污染物的实时在线检测提供了技术支持,为将该技术利用到环境保护领域奠定了基础.     

焦化苯中噻吩烷基化反应的AlCl_3/硅胶催化剂的性能优化

用盐酸溶液对硅胶的表面进行处理,以其为催化剂载体、以无水AlCl_3为活性组分前驱体,采用加压负载法制备了一系列AlCl_3/硅胶催化剂。采用含有1-己烯、1-戊烯或苯乙烯的噻吩-苯溶液为焦化苯模拟溶液,考察了AlCl_3与硅胶载体质量比、盐酸的处理温度及时间对AlCl_3/硅胶催化剂转化噻吩性能的影响,考察了烯烃的种类及含量对噻吩转化率的影响,测试了催化剂的循环利用性能。结果表明,AlCl_3与载体的质量比会影响AlCl_3/硅胶催化剂中活性组分的含量及存在形式,从而影响催化剂的活性。其中,硅胶于浓度为0.05 mol/L的盐酸中、15℃下浸泡12 h,AlCl_3与硅胶载体质量比为0.25的条件下所制的催化剂活性最高,噻吩转化率为97.66%。模拟焦化苯溶液中烯烃的种类及含量是影响噻吩转化率的重要因素,当苯乙烯与噻吩的摩尔比为4时,噻吩的转化率较高,可达到88.30%。催化剂的再生可提高其性能,未再生的AlCl_3/硅胶催化剂,在使用第5次后噻吩转化率由新鲜催化剂的97.66%降至22.96%,与之相比,再生后的AlCl_3/硅胶催化剂在循环使用第5次后,噻吩转化率仍在60%以上。     

透镜到样品表面距离对LIBS测量的影响

采用Nd:YAG激光器产生的脉冲激光诱导击穿铜片形成等离子体,研究了透镜到样品表面距离的不同对激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)测量的影响.实验选择合适的延迟时间和采样门宽,并选用元素谱线λ(Cu)为324.8 nm和327.4 nm,λ(Zn)为330.3 nm和334.5 nm进行分析.实验结果表明,透镜到样品表面的距离对LIBS测量确实有很大的影响,谱线强度以及其相对标准偏差均与透镜到样品表面距离密切相关.透镜到样品表面的距离大于焦距时,空气击穿现象严重,不宜用于LIBS测量.激光脉冲能量大,透镜到样品表面距离对LIBS测量的影响大,激光脉冲能量小则相反.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-