基于合成孔径雷达影像估计慕士塔格峰地区冰川速度场

冰川速度是冰川学研究中的一个重要参数,遥感方法为获取冰川表面速度提供了一种有效的手段。由于慕士塔格峰地区常年有云覆盖,不能为速度提取提供足够多数量的光学影像。但是,基于SAR影像对偏移量的提取算法为该地区冰川流速的测量提供了一个有效的途径。分别获取两幅雷达影像(ALOS/PALSAR)距离向和方位向的偏移,通过信噪比和相关系数选择可信点,然后通过整体拟合的方法去除雷达图像整体偏移,得到与冰川运动相关的偏移信号。首次得到了慕士塔格峰地区冰川表面完整的速度分布情况,依据该地区的速度大小分布特点,对慕士塔格峰四周冰川进行了划分。并进一步分别分析了该地区冰川在距离向和方位向速度大小与地形的关系,表明速度的大小与地形具有直接的相关性。结果表明,基于SAR影像对的偏移量测量为冰川研究提供了一个有效的方法和手段。     

基于SAR影像估计慕士塔格峰地区冰川速度场

冰川速度是冰川学研究中的一个重要参数,遥感方法为获取冰川表面速度提供了一种有效的手段。由于慕士塔格峰地区常年有云覆盖,不能为速度提取提供足够多数量的光学影像。但是,基于SAR影像对偏移量的提取算法为该地区冰川流速的测量提供了一个有效的途径。分别获取两幅雷达影像(ALOS/PALSAR)距离向和方位向的偏移,通过信噪比和相关系数选择可信点,然后通过整体拟合的方法去除雷达图像整体偏移,得到与冰川运动相关的偏移信号,首次得到了慕士塔格峰地区冰川表面完整的速度分布情况,依据该地区的速度大小分布特点,对慕士塔格峰四周冰川进行了划分。并进一步分别分析了该地区冰川在距离向和方位向速度大小与地形的关系,表明速度的大小与地形具有直接的相关性。结果表明,基于SAR影像对的偏移量测量为冰川研究提供了一个有效的方法和手段。     

1986-2007年祁连山八一冰川变化分析

基于1986年7月和2007年6月的两期TM遥感影像数据和DEM数据,利用遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术,绘制出祁连山八一冰川的消融情况变化图,并对冰川消融的原因进行分析。结果表明：由于20世纪80年代以来人类活动导致的温室效应严重影响了冰川的发展,祁连山八一冰川在1986年至2007年间冰川面积减少约59 km2,草地面积减少约129 km2。预计从70年代开始的冰川发展期没有完全到来就停止了,取而代之的是冰川的大面积消融。     

乔戈里峰北坡冰川跃动遥感监测

以Landsat影像、冰川编目数据以及DEM数据为依据,通过遥感图像计算机辅助分类和目视解译等方法进行了不同时期乔戈里峰北坡冰川边界的提取,对比分析了1978—2014年不同时期冰川末端变化,发现研究区内有12条冰川出现过快速前进现象.重点监测这12条冰川在1978—2014年18个时段的运动状况后,发现12条冰川都出现过前进速度为200~3 000 m/a的快速运动过程,且大部分快速前进现象集中发生在2004年以后,这12条冰川可能为跃动冰川.研究区内冰川内部结构不稳定、长度长、面积大、末端海拔低的几何形态特征以及先降后升的气温与持续增加的降水是导致研究区内冰川发生跃动的可能原因.     

近30年各拉丹东冰川变化及对径流的影响

冰川作为研究气候变化的因子,冰川变化对揭示地区水文和气候变化至关重要。本研究利用1989—2019年的7景遥感数据和DEM对各拉丹东冰川地貌进行研究,从而探讨在气候变化背景下冰川的变化及对径流的影响。结果表明:(1) 1989—2019年有69条冰舌消退,平均消退约236 m,最大消退区位于岗加曲巴,消退距离为3 305 m。(2)冰川面积从982. 46 km2减少到821. 15 km2,冰储量从1 721. 21 km3减少到1 213. 43 km3。引起冰川消退的主要原因是温度升高。(3)沱沱河流域径流量总体上增加,冰川融水是主要补给形式。本研究认为,各拉丹东地区温度升高导致的冰川消退现象仍在持续,冰川融水增加了流域径流量。     

天山一号冰川对周边气候变化的响应

在全球气候变暖的大背景下,冰川对气候变化极为敏感。文章以天山一号冰川为研究区,使用的冰川面积变化数据有1962年、1973年、1980年和1986年由中国科学院地理研究所冰川冻土研究室测量绘制的冰川面积数据;1991—2019年的影像数据是通过谷歌历年影像、GF1、ZY3、GF2和GF6获取的面积数据。通过目视解译提取1962—2019年一号冰川面积现状,分析近60年天山一号冰川时空变化特征,结合近60年周边6个水文观测站和气象站点的气温、降水量数据,通过对一号冰川面积变化与气候气象数据的相关关系,分析了天山一号冰川对气候变化的响应。得出以下结论:(1)天山一号冰川面积变化:1962—2019年天山一号冰川面积在不断减少,1993年分为东西两支不同规模的冰川;发现2019年冰川面积已经减少为1.55 km~2,80年代至90年代面积减少量最大,退缩率最快;由遥感影像图发现冰川东西支之间的距离越来越远;也通过柱状图对比发现东支面积退缩量比西支更加明显。(2)研究区气候变化:1957-2019年62年间,周边地区年均总温度和年均总降水量均呈现持续上升趋势;年均降水量的上升程度相比年平均气温趋势不明显;但两者都有很高的线性拟合度。根据计算,发现气象站的平均温度趋势率为0.27℃·10a-1,这意味着在过去60年中,它增加了1.9℃。这个温度趋势率明显高于全国平均值0.22℃·10a~(-1)。(3)冰川与气候变化关系:根据冰川面积变化图和年均气温变化图发现,随着冰川面积的退缩,周边地区年均温度和年均降水量总体呈现上升趋势;因此得知冰川退缩的最关键因素是周边地区气温的升高和降水量的增加;该地区冰川面积的变化和气候变化可能有10年左右的停滞期。     

基于GEE的阿尼玛卿冰川面积遥感监测及潜在灾害初步分析

为了解黄河源区冰川的长时序变化，本文选择1995—2020年62景Landsat影像，利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)数据云处理平台，构建冰川提取的波谱参数，编译自动处理程序，提取覆盖研究区的冰川时序面积，同时结合ERA5再分析资料和光学遥感影像，初步分析冰川变化引起的灾害效应。结果表明：气温增高主控下，阿尼玛卿冰川面积持续退缩，从1990年的104.92 km²减少到2020年的92.32 km²,且2011—2020年冰川退缩的趋势相较于2000—2010年明显加快；冰川在退缩—前进—退缩运动过程中存在冰崩风险，易引发冰川泥石流、堰塞湖等链生灾害，且冰川在持续退缩过程中的搬运、侵蚀冰碛物会造成冰川前缘堆积大量松散物质，成为冰缘泥石流发育潜在物源区。     

冰川变化遥感监测的研究进展

总结分析冰川变化遥感监测中使用的影像数据和方法,探讨全球范围内冰川变化遥感监测最新研究成果,发现分辨率较高时间序列较长的Landsat影像适合大区域长周期的冰川变化研究.ASTER影像在近几年冰川变化研究中发挥着重要作用,而分辨率达到米级的影像数据适合面积小、精度要求高的冰川变化研究.冰川边界的提取通常采用比值阈值法,同时也应尝试其他方法,以选择最佳的方案.全球范围内,现代冰川退缩速率不尽相同,新几内亚与非洲地区冰川退缩最为严重,反应了低纬度地区的小冰川对气候变化响应更为敏感;斯堪的纳维亚半岛与两极地区冰川规模大,冰川变化相对较小.     

帕隆藏布流域（波密-然乌段）冰川动态变化遥感分析

帕隆藏布流域位于中国海洋性冰川最为发育的藏东南地区,近年来随着全球温室效应加剧,帕隆藏布流域冰川变化极为显著。采用多期遥感影像,对1994～2015年间帕隆藏布流域波密至然乌段的冰川变化趋势、原因及其影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)20余年间冰川总面积减少了451. 72 km2,各冰川每年大约退缩2. 48%～2. 95%,气温升高以及降雨量减少是导致冰川面积持续退缩的主要原因。(2)由于帕隆藏布江南岸山坡所接收的太阳辐射热量更少,但降水却更加充沛,使得帕隆藏布江南岸冰川分布面积及覆盖率远大于北岸,而冰川退缩速率远小于北岸。(3)冰川的不断退缩使得沟道上游大量冻融松散物源在冰雪融水的外动力条件下,进入沟道形成松散堆积物源,导致流域内大规模发育冰川泥石流。由于帕隆藏布江南岸冰川规模更大,导致帕隆藏布江南岸冰川泥石流更为发育。(4)冰川变化动态监测对冰川泥石流机理分析以及预警研究工作有着重要的参考指导价值。     

高寒流域水文模拟与径流水源解析——以雅鲁藏布江帕隆藏布上游流域为例

为深入研究高寒流域河川径流的水源解析,选取雅鲁藏布江帕隆藏布上游流域为研究区,采用月流量、遥感积雪面积数据、实测冰川径流数据等多目标率定方法,改进单一依靠流量数据率定模型的方法,基于SPHY(Spatial Processes in Hydrology)水文模型开展水文模拟及径流组分研究,提高了总体建模质量.结果表明：在率定期和验证期Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别为0.95和0.94,模型具有较好的适用性.降雨径流、融雪径流、冰川径流和基流作为径流来源,占总径流的比例分别为10%、25%、45%和20%,冰川径流和融雪径流是最重要的补给来源.月尺度上,冰川径流在7-8月占比最大,融雪径流在4-6月占比最大,降雨径流在各月占比最小.冰川径流占比最高,短期内可提供更多水资源保障社会经济发展,长期而言冰川径流将逐渐减少,造成水资源短缺.因此,当地需提高应对径流变化潜在风险的策略.     

Glacier changes during the last forty years in the Tarim Interior River basin, northwest China

By comparing digitized glacier outlines from the Chinese Glacier Inventory (CGI) during the 1960s–1970s and Landsat Enhance Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images from 1999 to 2001, we investigated changes for about 7665 alpine glaciers among 11665 glaciers in seven sub-basins of the Tarim Interior River basin (TIRB). The results showed that the total glacier area was reduced by 3.3% from the 1960s/ 1970s to 1999/2001 and area losses for 1–5 km2 glaciers accounted for 48.3% of the total glacier area loss in the TIRB. However, the glacier area reductions varied from 0.7% to 7.9% among the seven sub-basins of the TIRB during the study period. The glacier area changing with altitude showed that the maximum contribution of area shrinkage occurred at 4900–5400 m. Data from 25 meteorological stations in the TIRB showed increases in both the annual mean air temperature and annual precipitation during 1960–2000. This indicates that the glacier shrinkage in the TIRB over the last 40 years was largely due to regional climate warming that enhanced glacier ablation and overcame the effects of increased precipitation on the glacier mass balance.     

海螺沟冰川成因浅析

贡嘎山地区发育有71条冰川,其中长5公里以上的有五条,海螺沟冰川是其规模最大海拔最低的一条。根据冰川的分布、形状和规模,它属山岳冰川类型,从成因上看,则属暧型动力变质冰川。 海螺沟冰川形成于16万年前,地处青藏高原东缘。冰川在纵向上,粒雪盆高置、冰舌低伸,其间,为特有高悬的大冰瀑布相联。冰川的形成与存在,主要与挽近时期的造山运动有关,并与有利的贡嘎山南北向构造山系地质背景、区域自然地理环境、南面的南北向横断山系及南部海域东南季风影响相联系。海螺沟冰川现处于强消融退缩时期,这与区域性气候以几十年期的振荡变化有关,与“温室效应”无关。冰川景观不会因目前的退缩而在可以预见的时期消失。     

Quick ice mass loss and abrupt retreat of the maritime glaciers in the Kangri Karpo Mountains,southeast Tibetan Plateau

The maritime glaciers are sensitive to climate change because of high annual precipitation and high air temperature in the region. A combined comprehensive study was carried out based on glacier mass balance observation, GPS-based glacier terminus position survey, glacier Ground Penetrating Radar, topography maps and RS satellite images in the Kangri Karpo Mountains, Southeast Tibet. The study revealed a strong ice mass loss and quick glacier retreat since the 1970s. Ata Glacier, one glacier from the south slope of the Kangri Karpo Mountains, has formed a 6-km-long terminal moraine zone at the end of the glacier since the 1970s, and the accelerating retreat is largely due to the strong glacier surface melting. Mass balance study on the other four glaciers on the northern side of the Kangri Karpo Mountains shows that they are in large negative mass balance and the glaciers had retreated 15--19 m from May 2006 to May 2007. The in-situ glacier observation also shows that the glacier retreat is more obvious in small glaciers. The enhanced ice mass deficit caused by climate warming and the ongoing extinction of many small glaciers in this region could seriously affect the water resources, environ- ments, local climate and regional sustainable development in the near future.     

Glacial fluctuations and its impacts on lakes in the southern Tibetan Plateau

ost of the glacial mass on the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding regions is in the mid- and low-latitudes. Ac-cording to China’s latest glacier inventory, there are about 36793 existing glaciers with a total area of roughly 49873.44 km² on the Tibetan Plateau, accounting for about 79.5% of the total glaciers and 84% of the total glacial area in China. Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau can be categorized into three types: marine-type glaciers (or temperate glaciers); sub-continental glaciers (or sub-polar glaciers); and continental glaciers (i.e. polar glaciers).......     

Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier

It is important to understand recent changes in the velocity of Greenland glaciers because the mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet is partly determined by the flow rates of these outlets. Jakobshavn Isbrae is Greenland's largest outlet glacier, draining about 6.5 per cent of the ice-sheet area, and it has been surveyed repeatedly since 1991 (ref. 2). Here we use remote sensing data to measure the velocity of Jakobshavn Isbrae between 1992 and 2003. We detect large variability of the velocity over time, including a slowing down from 6,700 m yr(-1) in 1985 to 5,700 m yr(-1) in 1992, and a subsequent speeding up to 9,400 m yr(-1) by 2000 and 12,600 m yr(-1) in 2003. These changes are consistent with earlier evidence for thickening of the glacier in the early 1990s and rapid thinning thereafter. Our observations indicate that fast-flowing glaciers can significantly alter ice discharge at sub-decadal timescales, with at least a potential to respond rapidly to a changing climate.     

基于遥感与GIS的朋曲流域冰川及冰湖变化研究

由于全球变暖，冰川正逐年退缩，随之引发的冰湖溃决洪水已不容忽视，但静态和孤立地研究冰湖已不能满足人们对冰湖信息的需求．本文基于20世纪70年代的地形图数据和2000年以来的ASTER遥感影像数据，使用GIS手段矢量化朋曲流域20世纪70年代和近期的冰川及冰湖的空间分布，并进行编目．对于获得的空间数据分析结果表明，在过去30年里该区冰川面积减少近9％，冰湖面积则增加了13％，在此基础上比较二者的联系和变化，识别出了24个可能发生溃决的冰湖，这为朋曲流域建立一套冰湖溃决预警系统提供依据；同时，对于研究其他类似地区的冰湖溃决现象也具有指导意义。     

Characteristics of recent temperate glacier fluctuations in the Parlung Zangbo River basin,southeast Tibetan Plateau

Little is known about recent variation of temperate glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau, although they are of particular theoretical and practical interests in terms of climate change and water supply. The study of glacier mass balance and terminus variation for six temperate glaciers in the Parlung Zangbo River basin, southeast Tibetan Plateau, shows the facts of the overall negative mass balance and the continued terminus retreat from 2005/2006 to 2007/2008. The mass balances of smaller glaciers were more negative compared to larger glaciers. Referring the trend of glacier mass balance in the Hengduan Mountains, the Himalayas and glacier shrinkage in southeast Tibetan Plateau, the mass loss and recession of temperate glacier in this region are expected if the current climate condition continues.     

Numerical simulation of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in the eastern Tianshan, central Asia from 2005 to 2070

Due to climate changes, most of the alpine glaciers have retreated dramatically during the past decades. Thus it is significant to predict the alpine glacier variability in the future for a better understanding of the impact of climate changes on water resource. In this paper, we perform the numerical simulation on Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the eastern Tianshan, central Asia (hereafter Glacier No.1 for short) by considering both the mass balance and ice flow. Given the shape of the Glacier No.1, the velocity of the glacier is obtained by solving a two-dimensional nonlinear Stokes equation and simulated result is in agreement with the observation. In order to predict the variability of Glacier No.1 in the next decades, a climatic scenario is constructed with a temperature rise rate as 0.17°C/10 a and precipitation as constant during the period of 2005-2070. The simulation shows that, the glacier terminus will retreat slowly and the glacier will thin dramatically before 2040, while after year 2040, the glacier terminus retreat will accelerate. This study confirms the increasing retreat rate of alpine glaciers under global warming.     

Recent area and ice volume change of Kangwure Glacier in the middle of Himalayas

This paper calculated and evaluated the area and ice volume changes of Kangwure Glacier in Mt. Xixiabangma, middle of Himalayas in the past 3 decades, based on the field survey of glacier boundary position by differential GPS and glacier depth by Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), together with the topographic map and remote sense data. The studied data showed that the Kangwure Glacier has experienced significant mass deficit since the 1970s, with 34.2% of area loss, 48.2% of ice volume loss and 7.5 m of average thickness decrease. This result revealed that the ice volume loss of Himalayan glaciers was more serious than expected. Analysis of meteorological data from two weather stations in the region of Mt. Xixiabangma, shows that the air temperature of this region has risen from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. Significant retreat of Himalayas glacier driven by climatic warming will have a remarkable impact on hydrology and ecosystem.