双元载体提供组蛋白H3/H4拷贝1的elp3Δ菌株的构建

人Elongator是在转录中有功能的组蛋白乙酰转移酶(HAT)复合物,为研究其催化亚基Elp3功能,构建了酵母组蛋白H3/H4拷贝1的双元表达载体pRS316CFT,通过PCR介导的基因敲除,获酵母基因组H3/H4缺失由双元载体提供单拷贝H3/H4的elp3Δ菌株.敏感性实验表明该载体提供H3/H4可维持酵母正常生长.本工作为构建H3/H4乙酰化位点突变菌株,用功能互补在体内研究人Elp3 HAT活性功能奠定了基础.     

人Elp3在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及HAT活性测定

人Elp3蛋白(human Elongator protein 3,hElp3)是组蛋白乙酰转移酶(Histone acetyltranferase,HAT)Elongator复合物的催化亚基,可参与组蛋白乙酰化修饰与基因转录延伸,其功能异常与人类多种疾病相关.目前对其羧基末端高度保守的第二功能域研究较少.以pYES2hElp3质粒为模板,PCR获hElp3基因全长,插入改造的毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9KH,转化巴斯德毕赤酵母菌GS115菌株.经表型鉴定、PCR分析和G418筛选得到Mut+型多拷贝整合菌.0.5%的甲醇诱导hElp3高效分泌表达,Ni-NTA纯化及Western印迹证实获目的蛋白.OPA法测得其拥有良好的HAT活性,为体外测定其第二结构域是否拥有催化活性奠定了基础,对筛选抑制其HAT活性的小分子药物用于疾病治疗研究至关重要.     

拟南芥AtHHR3响应热胁迫应答的初步分析

拟南芥基因AtHHR3编码一个RING结构域的E3连接酶,通过生物信息学分析发现其可能参与植物热胁迫相关的应答.为了探索其具体的功能,构建了AtHHR3互补株系,并在DNA水平和转录水平分别鉴定了AtHHR3互补株系,用RT-PCR技术分析了AtHHR3在热处理条件下基因表达的变化情况.在热胁迫下分析了野生型、突变体athhr3、回复株系幼苗存活以及种子萌发的表型变化情况,发现突变体athhr3表现出对热胁迫的耐受性,并检测了热胁迫下不同株系的HSF、HSP等热相关基因的转录水平的变化,初步的研究表明拟南芥基因AtHHR3负调控植物对热胁迫的耐受性.     

拟南芥RING finger结构域AtHHR1基因的功能初步研究

为了研究拟南芥基因AtHHR1(编码一个含有RING finger结构域的E3连接酶)是否参与热胁迫响应,构建了athhr1/AtHHR1互补转基因株系.对突变体、互补株系及野生型进行热胁迫处理,发现突变体的萌发率、叶绿素及脯氨酸含量高于野生型,而互补株系均低于野生型.通过real-time PCR定量检测发现,热诱导后拟南芥热信号通路中相关热激蛋白基因在突变体中表达比野生型中高.研究结果初步表明AtHHR1基因在拟南芥的热胁迫响应中起负调控作用.     

酵母Elp3在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及活性测定

酵母Elp3是Elongator复合物的催化亚基,可参与组蛋白乙酰化修饰与基因转录延伸.生物信息学分析及有关研究表明Elp3除组蛋白乙酰转移酶(Histone acetyltranferase,HAT)活性外,可能还拥有组蛋白去甲基化酶活性.本文以yElp3的pYES2yElp3质粒为模板,PCR获得yElp3基因全长,插入改造过的毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9KH,转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115菌株.经表型鉴定、PCR分析及G418筛选获Mut+型多拷贝整合菌,经0.5%的甲醇诱导和Ni-NTA纯化,得到目的蛋白并对其进行体外酶活测定.SDS-PAGE分析表明yElp3在毕赤酵母中实现了高效分泌表达,Western印迹证实得到的蛋白为yElp3.OPA法测得纯化蛋白拥有较好的HAT活性,具有生物活性的Elp3蛋白的获得为体外测定其第二结构域是否有催化活性奠定了基础.     

alg3、vps1301、rad51基因缺失对粟酒裂殖酵母接合生殖的影响

为探寻alg3、vps1301、rad51基因缺失对粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)生长及接合生殖的影响,在25 ℃条件下,培养野生型和3种基因缺失的粟酒裂殖酵母,统计并分析其生长情况;将野生型和3种基因缺失菌株分别各自交配产孢,分析对比野生型和基因缺失菌株的接合生殖情况. 结果显示,生长实验中,25 ℃条件下,12 h内,野生型菌株、alg3Δ菌株、vps1301Δ菌株和rad51Δ菌株的平均生长速度分别为0.042 5 、0.009 8 、0.019 3 、0.036 9 OD₅₉₅/h. 结果提示,粟酒裂殖酵母缺失alg3基因后,其生长速度受影响最大.在细胞接合生殖实验中,3种基因缺失菌株产孢数目都出现异常,其中alg3Δ菌株产孢数与野生型表现出显著差异.同时,alg3基因和vps1301基因缺失后孢子长度与野生型存在极显著差异.结果表明,alg3基因缺失对粟酒裂殖酵母的接合生殖影响最大.综上所述,缺失上述3种基因都对粟酒裂殖酵母的生长和接合生殖有不同程度的影响,其中alg3基因缺失对其影响最严重,其次是vps1301基因,rad51基因对其影响最小.     

耐热酵母中海藻糖代谢途径对热胁迫的响应

海藻糖对酵母的耐热性有重要的作用：既是细胞保护剂,又是热激转录因子Hsf1p的正调节子.因此研究耐热酵母在热胁迫下海藻糖代谢途径的响应,有助于理解酵母的热响应机制,并为获得耐热的酿酒酵母提供理论基础.本文从转录及物质代谢角度对热胁迫下耐热酵母中海藻糖的代谢响应进行了研究.结果表明：在热胁迫下海藻糖代谢相关基因表达水平显著的升高,胞内海藻糖积累后有所下降,在耐热酵母海藻糖相关代谢基因水平和代谢物水平上的响应显示出高度的一致.本文的研究结果支持了热胁迫下酿酒酵母海藻糖作为细胞保护剂以及作为Hsf1p的正调节子的观点,进一步证实了海藻糖在酵母适应高温的过程中起重要作用.     

耐热酿酒酵母海藻糖代谢途径对热胁迫的响应

为深入探讨酵母的热响应机制,测定了热胁迫条件下耐热酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中海藻糖含量的变化,并通过实时定量聚合酶链式反应,分析了热胁迫下参与海藻糖代谢的相关基因的表达.结果表明:在42℃热胁迫下,酿酒酵母细胞内的海藻糖含量显著提高,在处理240min时达到0.20g/g(以细胞干重计),约为热胁迫前的4倍;随着胁迫时间的增加,胞内海藻糖的含量开始下降。参与海藻糖代谢的基因表达变化与海藻糖含量变化高度一致,说明海藻糖在酵母适应高温的过程中起重要作用.     

高温胁迫对拟南芥水杨酸改变的突变体抗氧化能力的影响

以拟南芥野生型(Columbia)及其内源水杨酸高积累突变体snc1、水杨酸缺失的转基因植株nahG和水杨酸信号转导缺失突变体npr1-1为材料,在实验室控制条件下模拟高温胁迫,比较了抗氧化酶活性以及氧化胁迫症状的变化,以期揭示内源水杨酸水平或信号转导在植物对高温胁迫应答中可能的作用机制。将4周龄的拟南芥植株随机分为对照组和高温胁迫组,前者置于常温(即22℃/18℃,光照/黑暗),后者于高温(38℃恒温)培养箱中培养。分别在高温暴露24 h和48 h后,收集供试植株叶片进行分析。结果表明,高温处理24 h增强了野生型植株的过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,而npr1-1的SOD活性不受影响,snc1和nahG的SOD则明显降低;高温处理48 h降低了所有供试植株的SOD活性,其中snc1和nahG的降幅最大。高温处理24 h或48 h不影响野生型的过氧化物酶(POD)活性,而不同程度地增强了三种突变体的POD活性,尤其以snc1的最明显。过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则都受到高温的抑制,其中snc1受抑制程度最大。与抗氧化酶活性受抑制相一致的是高温处理提高了所有供试植株细胞膜的脂质过氧化水平和电解质渗透率,其中snc1和nahG植株受影响最大。高温诱导的叶绿素含量降低也表现出相似的趋势。这些数据表明,在38℃高温下暴露24 h以上,内源水杨酸高积累或缺失的拟南芥抗氧化能力比野生型植株受抑制程度更大,因此,氧化伤害症状也更为明显。     

热激诱导表达Hd3a的水稻转基因研究

Hd3a(Heading date 3a)基因是光周期诱导水稻开花过程中的一个关键调控基因,它在短日条件下表达并促进水稻开花.通过根癌农杆菌介导的方法将热激诱导表达的Hd3a基因转化到水稻品种日本晴中.热激处理转基因植株后,检测结果表明,叶片中转基因Hd3a的表达水平比热激前显著提高,随后又下降到热激前的水平,说明转基因Hd3a在水稻中可以被热激诱导瞬间的表达.长日条件下热激转基因水稻可成功诱导其抽穗,而同样处理的野生型植株不能抽穗,表明Hd3a的瞬间表达可诱导水稻开花,且其开花的早晚与热激处理的强度有关.     

出芽酵母蛋白激酶TOS3的过量表达及其在热胁迫应答中的作用

出芽酵母SNF1蛋白激酶参与葡萄糖阻遏和细胞胁迫应答.TOS3可通过磷酸化激活SNF1,参与SNF1调控的信号途径.本研究利用PCR方法扩增tos3基因的蛋白质编码序列,克隆到多拷贝表达载体pYES2/NTA上构建真核表达载体,转化酵母细胞并诱导TOS3过量表达.带HIS6标签的重组TOS3蛋白通过免疫印迹得以鉴定.进一步研究了过量表达TOS3对细胞热胁迫耐受性的影响,发现在热胁迫处理条件下,TOS3过量表达可恢复△snf1突变体细胞的生长缺陷,表明TOS3可能通过不依赖SNF1的其他信号途径参与细胞对热胁迫应答的调控.     

不同胁迫下盐生杜氏藻3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因表达及其与甘油合成的响应

在已克隆的盐藻（Dunaliella salina）3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶GPD基因的基础上，利用实时荧光定量PCR的方法，研究了经高盐、厌氧、磷酸盐以及氧化等不同外界胁迫条件下该基因的表达情况，并同时监测了盐藻细胞甘油合成的动态变化.对比酿酒酵母的GPD基因，发现D.salina GPD基因受高渗诱导，同时D.salina细胞内可能存在多个形式的GPD基因.     

Functional profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome

Determining the effect of gene deletion is a fundamental approach to understanding gene function. Conventional genetic screens exhibit biases, and genes contributing to a phenotype are often missed. We systematically constructed a nearly complete collection of gene-deletion mutants (96% of annotated open reading frames, or ORFs) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA sequences dubbed 'molecular bar codes' uniquely identify each strain, enabling their growth to be analysed in parallel and the fitness contribution of each gene to be quantitatively assessed by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays. We show that previously known and new genes are necessary for optimal growth under six well-studied conditions: high salt, sorbitol, galactose, pH 8, minimal medium and nystatin treatment. Less than 7% of genes that exhibit a significant increase in messenger RNA expression are also required for optimal growth in four of the tested conditions. Our results validate the yeast gene-deletion collection as a valuable resource for functional genomics.     

Need for DNA topoisomerase activity as a swivel for DNA replication for transcription of ribosomal RNA

Yeast strains with mutations in the genes for DNA topoisomerases I and II have been identified previously in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The topoisomerase II mutants (top2) are conditional-lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. They are defective in the termination of DNA replication and the segregation of daughter chromosomes, but otherwise appear to replicate and transcribe DNA normally. Topoisomerase I mutants (top1), including strains with null mutations are viable and exhibit no obvious growth defects, demonstrating that DNA topoisomerase I is not essential for viability in yeast. In contrast to the single mutants, top1 top2 ts double mutants from both Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grow poorly at the permissive temperature and stop growth rapidly at the non-permissive temperature. Here we report that DNA and ribosomal RNA synthesis are drastically inhibited in an S. cerevisiae top1 top2 ts double mutant at the restrictive temperature, but that the rate of poly(A)+ RNA synthesis is reduced only about threefold and transfer DNA synthesis remains relatively normal. The results suggest that DNA replication and at least ribosomal RNA synthesis require an active topoisomerase, presumably to act as a swivel to relieve torsional stress, and that either topoisomerase can perform the required function (except in termination of DNA replication where topoisomerase II is required).     

RNA polymerase II C-terminal repeat influences response to transcriptional enhancer signals

The large subunit of RNA polymerase II contains a highly conserved and essential heptapeptide repeat (Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Ser) at its carboxy terminus. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are inviable if their RNA polymerase II large subunit genes encode fewer than 10 complete heptapeptide repeats; if they encode 10 to 12 complete repeats cells are temperature-sensitive and cold-sensitive, but 13 or more complete repeats will allow wild-type growth at all temperatures. Cells containing C-terminal domains (CTDs) of 10 to 12 complete repeats are also inositol auxotrophs. The phenotypes associated with these CTD mutations are not a consequence of an instability of the large subunit; rather, they seem to reflect a functional deficiency of the mutant enzyme. We show here that partial deletion mutations in RNA polymerase II CTD affect the ability of the enzyme to respond to signals from upstream activating sequences in a subset of promoters in yeast. The number of heptapeptide repeats required for maximal response to signals from these sequences differs from one upstream activating sequence to another. One of the upstream elements that is sensitive to truncations of the CTD is the 17-base-pair site bound by the GAL4 transactivating factor.     

产甘油重组大肠杆菌的构建及其耐高渗透压性能的测定

克隆了酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 中的3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶和3-磷酸甘油酯酶基因,通过融合PCR构建了双基因共表达载体,将酵母细胞内应答渗透压变化的甘油合成途径引入大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）。以葡萄糖为底物对重组大肠杆菌进行摇瓶发酵培养,该重组菌的甘油产量为1g/L。渗透压胁迫测试证明该重组菌的耐渗透压性能较出发菌株有明显提高。     

Characterization of Arabidopsis calreticulin mutants in response to calcium and salinity stresses

As an important calcium-binding protein,calreticulin plays an important role in regulating calcium homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plants.Here,we identified three loss-of-function mutants ofcalreticulin genes in Arabidopsis to demonstrate the function of calreticulin in response to calcium and salinity stresses.There are three genes encoding calreticulin in Arabidopsis,and they are named AtCRT1,2,and 3,respectively.We found that both single mutant of crt3 and double mutant of crtl crt2 were more sensitive to low calcium environment than wild-type Arabidopsis.Moreover,crt3 mutant showed more sensitivity to salt treatment at germination stage,but tolerance to salt stress at later stage compared with wild-type plant.However,there was no obvious growth difference in the mutant crt1 and crt2 compared with wild-type Arabidopsis under calcium and salt stresses.These results suggest that calreticulin functions in plant responses to calcium and salt stresses.