光学微腔中WSe2激子与光子耦合效应的研究

研究了300 K下,自制的法布里-珀罗(Fabry–Pérot, F-P)半导体微腔中,光场与WSe2单分子薄膜激子之间的强弱耦合作用.利用集成角分辨功能的显微荧光/白光反射光谱系统研究了样品的光学性质,并在强耦合区间内看到了激子极化激元的形成,对应的拉比分裂能量为46.7 meV.理论拟合结果跟实验现象吻合,为激子极化激元相干特性的进一步研究奠定了基础,也为未来的工业光电器件应用提供了思路.     

正弦色散对一维声学激子能量的影响

采用顾世洧处理体内激子方法，把Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ提出的一维极化子哈密顿量推广到一维激子，并考虑了声子的色散效应，运用微扰法计算正弦色散时一维声学激子基态能，与无色散时一维声学激子，极化子做了比较。     

表面激子极化激元在激子共振频率附近的异常色散现象

本文对表面激子极化激元的色散关系进行了计算,纠正了 B.Fischer 和 H.J.Queisser的错误结果,发现在激子共振频率附近表面激子极化激元存在异常色散的现象。     

耗散腔场中双纠缠原子的量子信息保真度

利用数值计算的方法,研究了耗散腔中双纠缠原子的量子信息保真度.讨论了光场的初始平均光子数一定的情况下腔的耗散系数对量子态保真度的影响,以及在腔的耗散一定的情况下光场的初始平均光子数对量子态保真度的影响.结果表明:腔的耗散和光场的初始平均光子数对原子和原子—光场系统的保真度的影响都很明显.     

三元混晶三层系统的表面和界面声子极化激元

运用改进的无规元素等位移模型和玻恩-黄近似,结合电磁场的麦克斯韦方程和边界条件,研究了真空/极性三元混晶薄膜/极性二元半导体衬底三层系统的表面和界面声子极化激元,以AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs和ZnxCd1-xSe/ZnSe为例,获得了表面和界面声子极化激元模的色散关系以及表面和界面模的频率随混晶组分和薄膜厚度的变化关系.结果表明:与二元晶体三层系统以及三元混晶单层薄膜不同,在三元混晶三层异质结系统中存在五支表面和界面声子极化激元模,这五支表面和界面模的频率曲线位于二元晶体和三元混晶的体声子极化激元的禁带区间内,且其能量随混晶组分和薄膜厚度呈非线性变化,三元混晶的"单模"和"双模"性也在色散曲线中体现了出来.     

失谐力光系统中的光子-声子转换和基态冷却

研究由辐射压力引起Fabry-Perot力光腔中动力学行为.从力光系统哈密顿量出发,探讨在失谐条件下力光腔中量子现象.引入散射矩阵方案来论证光子和声子以有效并且可逆方转换.这对于光学光子和微械阵子之间量子态转变提供了一个可行方案.光声转变预着一可行量子光学器件.同我们用量子郎之万方法和主方程方法这两方法推导最声子占有数来研究械振子态冷却,并且对这两方法进行了参数比较.出在么条件下哪方法更实用.     

量子点量子阱结构中激子的极化效应(英文)

考虑激子与体纵光学声子的相互作用,采用变分法研究了量子点量子阱结构中澈子的极化效应.以CdS/HgS量子点量子阱结构为例进行数值计算,得到了激子的基态能量和束缚能.研究结果表明,声子对澈子束缚能的贡献随着阱宽的增加而增加,极化子效应不能忽略.激子的基态能量和束缚能明显依赖于量子点量子阱结构的核半径和壳层厚度,量子点量子阱结构的尺寸对激子-声子相互作用有重要的影响.     

三元混晶薄膜的导波声子极化激元

采用改进的无规元素等位移模型和玻恩-黄近似，结合麦克斯韦方程组和边界条件，研究了局域于三元混晶薄膜内部的导波声子极化激元的色散关系和电场的空间分布，以及导波模的能量随三元混晶的组分和薄膜厚度的变化关系，并分析了导波模在实验上的可观测性。数值计算结果表明：在三元混晶薄膜系统中存在三组导波声子极化激元，每一组导波声子极化激元都是由许多支离散的导波模组成的，并分别位于由真空中光子的色散曲线和三元混晶体声子极化激元的色散曲线以及三元混晶的体纵、横光学声子的频率曲线围成的三个频率区间内。随着三元混晶组分的增大，其中两组导波模的能量非线性增大，而另外一组导波模的能量则非线性减小。此外，导波模中除了有一支模的频率随薄膜厚度几乎没有变化以外，其余导波模的频率则随薄膜厚度的增加非线性减小。     

一维CdS纳米结构的光致发光和微腔性能研究

运用低温变温宏观光致发光和共焦空间分辨光致发光光谱技术,研究了由催化剂辅助化学气相沉积方法生长的一维CdS纳米结构(纳米带和纳米棒)的发光机制及单个纳米结构光学微腔的性质。在10-290 K之间,光谱对温度的依赖关系清楚地显示了CdS纳米结构的室温近带边发光主要由自由激子发光及其声子伴线组成。纳米结构的端面和侧壁均可对近带边发光表现出较强的束缚作用,形成法布里-珀罗(FP)和回音壁(WG)两种谐振腔,并表现出较明显的非线性特征。深能级的缺陷发光在WG微腔中形成较强的等间距腔模式,而在FP微腔中其在轴向上的传播则损耗较大。上述结果有助于理解两种纳米结构光学微腔的机制,并支持了与激子相关的微腔模式的激子极化激元模型。     

数态光场与3个两能级原子相互作用系统的保真度

根据量子信息保真度理论,研究了数态光场与初始处于GHZ态的3个两能级原子相互作用系统中量子态保真度的演变规律.对系统中原子和场取迹后不同量子态保真度的变化规律和场的初始光子数对系统中不同量子态保真度的影响进行了分析与研究.结果表明,初始光子数越大,量子态保真度随时间振荡频率越大.     

Strong coupling in a single quantum dot-semiconductor microcavity system

Cavity quantum electrodynamics, a central research field in optics and solid-state physics, addresses properties of atom-like emitters in cavities and can be divided into a weak and a strong coupling regime. For weak coupling, the spontaneous emission can be enhanced or reduced compared with its vacuum level by tuning discrete cavity modes in and out of resonance with the emitter. However, the most striking change of emission properties occurs when the conditions for strong coupling are fulfilled. In this case there is a change from the usual irreversible spontaneous emission to a reversible exchange of energy between the emitter and the cavity mode. This coherent coupling may provide a basis for future applications in quantum information processing or schemes for coherent control. Until now, strong coupling of individual two-level systems has been observed only for atoms in large cavities. Here we report the observation of strong coupling of a single two-level solid-state system with a photon, as realized by a single quantum dot in a semiconductor microcavity. The strong coupling is manifest in photoluminescence data that display anti-crossings between the quantum dot exciton and cavity-mode dispersion relations, characterized by a vacuum Rabi splitting of about 140 microeV.     

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)-the macroscopic ground-state accumulation of particles with integer spin (bosons) at low temperature and high density-has been observed in several physical systems, including cold atomic gases and solid-state quasiparticles. However, the most omnipresent Bose gas, blackbody radiation (radiation in thermal equilibrium with the cavity walls) does not show this phase transition. In such systems photons have a vanishing chemical potential, meaning that their number is not conserved when the temperature of the photon gas is varied; at low temperatures, photons disappear in the cavity walls instead of occupying the cavity ground state. Theoretical works have considered thermalization processes that conserve photon number (a prerequisite for BEC), involving Compton scattering with a gas of thermal electrons or photon-photon scattering in a nonlinear resonator configuration. Number-conserving thermalization was experimentally observed for a two-dimensional photon gas in a dye-filled optical microcavity, which acts as a 'white-wall' box. Here we report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of photons in this system. The cavity mirrors provide both a confining potential and a non-vanishing effective photon mass, making the system formally equivalent to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons. The photons thermalize to the temperature of the dye solution (room temperature) by multiple scattering with the dye molecules. Upon increasing the photon density, we observe the following BEC signatures: the photon energies have a Bose-Einstein distribution with a massively populated ground-state mode on top of a broad thermal wing; the phase transition occurs at the expected photon density and exhibits the predicted dependence on cavity geometry; and the ground-state mode emerges even for a spatially displaced pump spot. The prospects of the observed effects include studies of extremely weakly interacting low-dimensional Bose gases and new coherent ultraviolet sources.     

Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics

The interaction of matter and light is one of the fundamental processes occurring in nature, and its most elementary form is realized when a single atom interacts with a single photon. Reaching this regime has been a major focus of research in atomic physics and quantum optics for several decades and has generated the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we perform an experiment in which a superconducting two-level system, playing the role of an artificial atom, is coupled to an on-chip cavity consisting of a superconducting transmission line resonator. We show that the strong coupling regime can be attained in a solid-state system, and we experimentally observe the coherent interaction of a superconducting two-level system with a single microwave photon. The concept of circuit quantum electrodynamics opens many new possibilities for studying the strong interaction of light and matter. This system can also be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum communication and may lead to new approaches for single photon generation and detection.     

Coherent zero-state and pi-state in an exciton-polariton condensate array

The effect of quantum statistics in quantum gases and liquids results in observable collective properties among many-particle systems. One prime example is Bose-Einstein condensation, whose onset in a quantum liquid leads to phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity. A Bose-Einstein condensate is generally defined as a macroscopic occupation of a single-particle quantum state, a phenomenon technically referred to as off-diagonal long-range order due to non-vanishing off-diagonal components of the single-particle density matrix. The wavefunction of the condensate is an order parameter whose phase is essential in characterizing the coherence and superfluid phenomena. The long-range spatial coherence leads to the existence of phase-locked multiple condensates in an array of superfluid helium, superconducting Josephson junctions or atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. Under certain circumstances, a quantum phase difference of pi is predicted to develop among weakly coupled Josephson junctions. Such a meta-stable pi-state was discovered in a weak link of superfluid 3He, which is characterized by a 'p-wave' order parameter. The possible existence of such a pi-state in weakly coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensates has also been proposed, but remains undiscovered. Here we report the observation of spontaneous build-up of in-phase ('zero-state') and antiphase ('pi-state') 'superfluid' states in a solid-state system; an array of exciton-polariton condensates connected by weak periodic potential barriers within a semiconductor microcavity. These in-phase and antiphase states reflect the band structure of the one-dimensional polariton array and the dynamic characteristics of metastable exciton-polariton condensates.     

"光子胚胎学"的理论体系

提出了“光子胚胎学”的学科概念,阐述了“光子胚胎学”的理论体系和研究方法．指出了“光子胚胎学”对推动原子物理学、量子光学、理论量子力学和量子信息科学与技术等重要学科理论和实践的重要意义．     

Cavity cooling of a single atom

All conventional methods to laser-cool atoms rely on repeated cycles of optical pumping and spontaneous emission of a photon by the atom. Spontaneous emission in a random direction provides the dissipative mechanism required to remove entropy from the atom. However, alternative cooling methods have been proposed for a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse cavity; the role of spontaneous emission is replaced by the escape of a photon from the cavity. Application of such cooling schemes would improve the performance of atom-cavity systems for quantum information processing. Furthermore, as cavity cooling does not rely on spontaneous emission, it can be applied to systems that cannot be laser-cooled by conventional methods; these include molecules (which do not have a closed transition) and collective excitations of Bose condensates, which are destroyed by randomly directed recoil kicks. Here we demonstrate cavity cooling of single rubidium atoms stored in an intracavity dipole trap. The cooling mechanism results in extended storage times and improved localization of atoms. We estimate that the observed cooling rate is at least five times larger than that produced by free-space cooling methods, for comparable excitation of the atom.     

量子阱超晶格和量子阱线超晶格中的极化激元

量子阱超晶格和方形截面量子阱线超晶格中极化激元的色散关系被详细讨论．在量子阱超晶格和量子阱线超晶格中，我们得到了四支（不是两支）极化激元模．     

Cavity QED with a Bose-Einstein condensate

Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) describes the coherent interaction between matter and an electromagnetic field confined within a resonator structure, and is providing a useful platform for developing concepts in quantum information processing. By using high-quality resonators, a strong coupling regime can be reached experimentally in which atoms coherently exchange a photon with a single light-field mode many times before dissipation sets in. This has led to fundamental studies with both microwave and optical resonators. To meet the challenges posed by quantum state engineering and quantum information processing, recent experiments have focused on laser cooling and trapping of atoms inside an optical cavity. However, the tremendous degree of control over atomic gases achieved with Bose-Einstein condensation has so far not been used for cavity QED. Here we achieve the strong coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the quantized field of an ultrahigh-finesse optical cavity and present a measurement of its eigenenergy spectrum. This is a conceptually new regime of cavity QED, in which all atoms occupy a single mode of a matter-wave field and couple identically to the light field, sharing a single excitation. This opens possibilities ranging from quantum communication to a wealth of new phenomena that can be expected in the many-body physics of quantum gases with cavity-mediated interactions.     

Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single quantum dot-cavity system

Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) studies the interaction between a quantum emitter and a single radiation-field mode. When an atom is strongly coupled to a cavity mode, it is possible to realize important quantum information processing tasks, such as controlled coherent coupling and entanglement of distinguishable quantum systems. Realizing these tasks in the solid state is clearly desirable, and coupling semiconductor self-assembled quantum dots to monolithic optical cavities is a promising route to this end. However, validating the efficacy of quantum dots in quantum information applications requires confirmation of the quantum nature of the quantum-dot-cavity system in the strong-coupling regime. Here we find such confirmation by observing quantum correlations in photoluminescence from a photonic crystal nanocavity interacting with one, and only one, quantum dot located precisely at the cavity electric field maximum. When off-resonance, photon emission from the cavity mode and quantum-dot excitons is anticorrelated at the level of single quanta, proving that the mode is driven solely by the quantum dot despite an energy mismatch between cavity and excitons. When tuned to resonance, the exciton and cavity enter the strong-coupling regime of cavity QED and the quantum-dot exciton lifetime reduces by a factor of 145. The generated photon stream becomes antibunched, proving that the strongly coupled exciton/photon system is in the quantum regime. Our observations unequivocally show that quantum information tasks are achievable in solid-state cavity QED.     

微激光器中可控无辐射跃迁过程研究

分析了在微小激光晶体构成的微腔中声子场模谱结构相对体材料在性质和数量上的变化及其对激发态的弛豫过程的影响，进一步论证了微激光器中存在腔量子声学效应的可能性．