烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

含钛高炉炉渣微波合成碳化钛及其介电性能测定

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking. The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed. The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

基于分步有限元法的多级压裂过程中套管应力敏感性分析

目前中国四川地区页岩气开发大多采用大排量分段压裂工艺技术,部分页岩气井在施工过程中出现套管变形的现象,导致后续施工改造无法顺利进行,严重影响了页岩气井的正常生产。因此准确了解压裂过程中套管应力的变化规律具有重要意义。区别于传统模型,基于分步有限元方法,考虑了钻井、完井、压裂整个施工过程,构建了页岩各向异性下套管-水泥环-地层组合体有限元分析模型,模拟多级压裂过程中组合体应力以及温度场随时间的变化特征。分析了两种模型下注液温度、套管内压、地应力变化、地层孔隙压力变化、水泥环弹性模量以及地层弹性模量等因素对套管受力状态的影响。研究结果表明:(1)压裂过程中,采用传统模型会低估套管应力的增大程度;(2)大排量压裂施工过程中,井筒内温度震荡变化,注液温降导致套管应力明显升高;(3)地应力分均匀性以及孔隙压力的增大会导致套管应力有所增加;(4)页岩各向异性对套管应力的影响较小,其中地层性质的下降会导致套管损坏的几率增加。因此在今后的页岩气压裂改造过程中,有必要采用分步有限元模型,综合考虑这些影响因素,合理优化相关的压裂作业参数,从而确保后续压裂完井作业的正常进行。     

注蒸汽热采井套管损坏机理研究

考虑环空水泥环在轴向和径向给予套管柱的弹性约束和摩擦约束，对注汽期间套管柱产生的轴对称热胀应力进行了近似分析．分析发现，在封隔器附近靠近接箍端面的地方，套管柱可能产生严重的缩颈变形，其变形值和套管柱受热膨胀时接箍端面对水泥环台肩的推力有关系．研究结果表明，大部分注蒸汽热采井的套管损坏位置都集中于油藏盖层内，其原因是存在着和局部缩颈变形相对应的恶性局部应力，必须设法控制这种局部应力才能延长套管柱的使用寿命．     

波动压力约束条件下套管与井眼之间环空间隙的研究

利用一维不稳定流动的基本方程,对套管与井眼环空间隙不同时的波动压力进行了计算,绘出了环空间隙与最大井底波动压力之间的关系曲线。根据此曲线及地层破裂压力的最大极限值,可以确定某种尺寸套管与并眼之间间隙的最小值。研究结果表明,在套管与并眼间隙相同的条件下,套管尺寸越大,井底最大波动压力也越大。从控制井底最大波动压力的角度考虑,在确定套管与井眼之间的环空间隙时,大尺寸套管应采用较大的间隙。从波动压力因素方面考虑,由浅井条件所确定的套管与井眼之间的环空间隙同样适合于深井条件。     

基于应变的热采井套管设计方法

提出基于应变的热采井套管设计方法,确定基于应变的设计准则,通过建立三维弹塑性有限元模型,模拟分析热采井多轮次生产过程中应力和应变变化规律,并以胜利油田A井为例进行实例设计。结果表明,该设计方法密切结合热采井"注-焖-采"生产过程,可考虑多轮次循环温度载荷对套管的损伤程度,通过计算多轮次生产条件下套管上的累积塑性应变,依据热采井生产轮次要求及应变准则,科学灵活地设计套管,可以为热采井套管柱设计提供新思路。     

轴向载荷对套管螺纹连接应力的影响分析

针对深井和大位移井中套管存在很大的轴向拉伸和压缩载荷的情况,采用有限元方法对套管柱中最薄弱的螺纹接头部分进行了分析计算,研究了API长圆螺纹套管在轴向拉、压载荷作用下,螺牙面的接触压力和应力分布规律,结果表明:API长圆螺纹套管接头最大接触压力出现在公扣的根部,并且前4扣的接触压力和应力较大,最有可能发生粘扣和屈服破坏。对在深井、大位移井中正确选用API长圆螺纹套管,减少套管连接部位失效事故的发生具有重要意义。     

射孔参数对热采井套管抗热应力能力影响分析

热力采油使得套管承受较高水平的热应力,增加套管损坏风险,从而降低套管使用寿命。针对射孔参数对热采井射孔套管抗热应力能力的影响规律研究较少。利用有限元软件建立三维套管模型,结合基于应变的设计方法评价热采井射孔套管的抗热应力能力。结果表明,在安全内外压作用下,射孔排包含射孔数目较多且射孔直径较小的射孔参数可增强射孔套管的抗热应力能力;多轮次蒸汽吞吐过程对套管受热变形具有累加效应,保证强度安全前提下选择使得射孔排包含射孔数目较多的射孔参数组合可使得套管满足热应力安全性。研究结果从射孔参数对套管抗热应力能力的影响角度出发,为热采井实际射孔参数方案优选提供了参考。     

分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环密封完整性的数值模拟

水平井射孔段井筒由于孔眼的存在,在分段压裂过程中应力集中现象极易加剧固井水泥环的破坏。此外,由于高压压裂液直接作用在水泥环孔眼壁面上,使其完整性在压裂过程中遭受的挑战更大。本文建立了热流固耦合数值模型旨在分析分段压裂过程中射孔段水泥环内部的温度与应力变化,研究了套管内压、压裂液排量、水泥弹性模量、孔径与孔密对于水泥环密封完整性的影响规律。计算结果表明,压裂过程中水泥环一界面、二界面以及孔眼处均会产生剪切破坏。考虑瞬态力热耦合作用时,水泥环孔眼处失封风险提高。压裂液排量、孔径与孔密对水泥环切向应力影响较小;套管内压与水泥环弹性模量的降低虽然可在一定程度降低剪切破坏系数,但难以避免射孔段水泥环压裂初期的剪切破坏。     

深水井环空圈闭压力管理方案研究

除油套环空外,深水油气井套管环空圈闭压力无法释放,易造成套管挤毁等事故发生,需对环空圈闭压力进行管理,保障油气井生产安全。计算深水井在温度差下的环空圈闭压力,优化分析适用于深水的环空圈闭压力防治方法,结合管柱强度校核标准,建立深水井套管柱强度校核方法,最终形成环空圈闭压力管理设计方法。对于深水油气井,适用的圈闭压力防治方法为A环空压力释放、通过地层进行压力释放和套管外安装可压缩泡沫;考虑环空圈闭压力时,套管柱强度优选应同时采用平衡法和非平衡法进行套管强度校核;综合考虑防治方法和油套管强度校核结果,最终确定A环空圈闭压力控制范围,深水井环空圈闭压力管理方案研究对深水油气井安全高效开发提供技术支持。     

辽河油田稠油井套管损坏原因的初步分析

注蒸汽开采稠油是当前应用最广泛、效益较高的稠油开采技术,但高温下套管的寿命是至关紧要的问题。文中收集了辽河油田194口损坏井的情况,分析了稠油热采井损坏的原因;并用套管试样,进行了井内温度的模拟试验研究,最后提出了综合防治套管损坏的建议。     

深井含硫工况C110套管环境开裂及表面防护技术

深井地质复杂、井眼轨迹变化大且面临高温高压含硫等苛刻工况,套管面临磨损、腐蚀损伤、断裂失效等各类风险,针对套管C110服役于含硫腐蚀环境且承受高水平拉应力时频繁发生环境敏感断裂的问题,采用慢应变速率拉伸实验（SSRT）法,研究了表面电镀Ni-W合金的套管C110在某气田模拟地层水中的环境开裂行为,分析研究表面电镀Ni-W合金对套管C110抵抗环境敏感开裂的防护效果。结果表明,套管C110在该模拟地层水中环境开裂敏感性较高,即使腐蚀速率较低仍存在环境开裂风险,且在慢应变速率拉应力作用下呈现典型脆性断裂特征;表面电镀Ni-W合金后套管C110的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高2.3%和6.3%;当表面电镀Ni-W合金并经过热处理后,套管C110在模拟地层水中的抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后延伸率和应变能均明显提高、环境开裂敏感性降低,断裂方式转变为韧-脆混合型断裂,说明在套管C110表面电镀Ni-W合金并进行热处理的方式,能够有效抑制套管C110发生腐蚀、开裂及破坏的风险,显著提升其抵抗环境开裂的能力及其在深井复杂含硫工况中的适用性。