端部脱砂压裂充填防砂设计及其在涩北气田的应用

介绍了端部脱砂压裂充填防砂机理,考虑压裂增产比和挡砂效果,研究了压裂充填防砂砾石尺寸的选择思路和方法.以实现端部脱砂从而产生短而宽的充填裂缝为目的,对脱砂时间、脱砂浓度、加砂时间、加砂浓度以及施工泵注程序等压裂防砂施工参数进行了优化设计.该套防砂工艺及设计方法在涩北气田应用13井次,防砂增产成功率为85%,防砂后产量平均增幅41.9%,防砂效果良好,达到了防砂与增产的目的.     

端部脱砂工艺优化设计

压裂充填防砂技术是针对中高渗油藏开发中因地层出砂导致油井减产或停产的现象而研究的一种新型增产措施,具有防砂和增产的双重作用。为了产生短而宽的充填裂缝,运用端部脱砂技术,对砾石类型、施工排量、施工泵压、作业时间、砾石用量等进行了优化设计,同时分析了缝长和压裂液粘度等对施工过程的影响。结合现场实例,运用相关理论模型设计了施工方案,编制了端部脱砂优化设计软件。结果表明,理论模型可靠、计算结果准确,对提高压裂防砂的成功率具有指导意义。     

水力压裂的几个新进展

综述了水力压裂机理的最新研究成果和缝端脱砂压裂的原理及其应用．压裂机理是水力压裂的重要组成部分,包括裂缝起裂和裂缝延伸机制．不同注入排量和不同完井方式下直井、斜井和水平井的裂缝起裂机制不尽相同,取决于时间效应,规模效应和应力状态,而流体滞后,端部膨胀,过程区和连续伤害机理则从不同方面考虑了裂缝延伸的一些重要影响因素．八十年代提出的缝端脱砂压裂则拓宽了常规水力压裂的应用范围．在介绍缝端脱砂压裂原理和设计方法的基础上,说明了缝端脱砂压裂在解堵、增产和油藏管理上的应用,重点阐述了缝端脱砂压裂和砾石充填相结合,用于高渗透或疏松地层的防砂．     

砾石充填防砂工艺参数优化设计

砾石充填防砂已经成为目前主要的防砂工艺，主要包括管内砾石充填、高压一次充填、涂敷砂人工井壁等防砂方法。砾石尺寸、携砂比、泵注排量等参数的设计是影响此类防砂工艺成败和防砂效果的主要因素。通过砾石层孔喉结构计算机模拟，以孔喉结构分布曲线与地层砂粒径分布曲线接近且略小的砾石作为最佳挡砂砾石，研究出一套新的砾石充填井砾石尺寸优选方法，提出了具体的携砂比、泵注排量、机械筛管尺寸的设计方法。对涩北某气井进行了高压砾石充填设计，施工后防砂效果较好。     

尾追涂敷砂管外充填防砂工艺研究

机械防砂和化学防砂技术在国内外疏松砂岩油藏开发中得到了广泛应用,但是机械防砂失效后需要耗费巨资进行大修拔绕处理,同时化学防砂将大幅度的降低油井产能。为了克服这两类防砂方式的不利影响,提出尾追涂敷砂管外充填防砂工艺,将具有增产效果的管外充填防砂和便于后续措施施工的涂敷砂防砂相结合,在6口井的现场应用中取得了非常理想的效果,使得油田在防砂理念和实践方面取得了重要的突破。     

巴麦泥盆系储层加砂压裂研究与应用

巴麦泥盆系油气显示较好,但属特低孔超低渗储层,储集性能较差,必须进行储层改造措施才能达到储层评价的目的。因为物性差,入井液易对地层产生伤害,由于油藏高温、高压、破裂压力高,导致加砂压裂施工难度大,目前的压裂及酸化工艺尚不能完全满足该区块增产改造的需要。本文针对巴麦泥盆系储层特点,优选出一套耐高温低伤害压裂液配方,伤害率低于20％;形成了水力加砂压裂工艺技术,优化出适合该地区的水力加砂压裂施工工艺参数、裂缝参数和射孔参数,以提高设计的针对性,并在A井成功完成加砂压裂施工。     

砾石充填防砂工艺参数优化设计

砾石充填防砂已经成为目前主要的防砂工艺,主要包括管内砾石充填、高压一次充填、涂敷砂人工井壁等防砂方法.砾石尺寸、携砂比、泵注排量等参数的设计是影响此类防砂工艺成败和防砂效果的主要因素.通过砾石层孔喉结构计算机模拟,以孔喉结构分布曲线与地层砂粒径分布曲线接近且略小的砾石作为最佳挡砂砾石,研究出一套新的砾石充填井砾石尺寸优选方法,提出了具体的携砂比、泵注排量、机械筛管尺寸的设计方法.对涩北某气井进行了高压砾石充填设计,施工后防砂效果较好.     

二次加砂压裂技术在海上低孔渗砂岩气藏的应用

东海低渗储层具有埋藏深、温度高、边底水发育、平台空间小等特点,采用传统加砂压裂方式初期产量低、压后压降快、有效产能低,无法满足海上经济有效开发的需求。因此,基于平台化压裂的技术瓶颈,开展二次加砂压裂增产机理及适应性评估,通过技术优化研究,确定了二次加砂压裂施工排量、加砂规模、二次加砂比例、中途停泵时间等关键参数,优选评价了压裂液和支撑剂材料,并评估了平台空间综合利用,形成了一种适合海上低渗平台开发的增产技术。DX-B5井的实施效果表明:二次加砂压裂技术首次应用于海上低渗油气田,并取得显著的增产效果,相比邻井初期产量增加了2倍,累计产量增加了3倍,针对类似储层条件的油气井,可推广应用于东海及国内其他海域的低渗储层增产开发。     

高压砾石充填防砂工艺参数优化设计方法研究

高压砾石充填防砂施工过程中砾石尺寸、携砂比、充填排量、携砂液黏度、筛管参数等是影响施工成败和防砂效果的主要因素.讨论了地层砂侵入砾石层的特性以及砾石层压降计算方法,用以评价其挡砂效果和对产能的影响;建立了砾石尺寸综合评价方法,用以优选最佳砾石尺寸;以水平射孔孔眼中砾石颗粒不发生沉积堵塞为目标,建立了给定携砂比、携砂液黏度条件下的最小临界排量计算方法,用以对施工参数进行组合优化设计;最后研究了绕丝筛管尺寸和管柱结构的设计.给出了一套高压砾石充填施工参数优化设计方法,用该方法对涩北气田涩49井进行了高压充填设计,施工后防砂效果较好,产能降低率11.6%,目前稳产在(4.7～5.0)×104m3/d.     

AL-F1防砂剂在延长油田浅层压裂中的防砂效果评价

针对延长油田七里村采油厂压裂井存在间歇性出砂而导致砂卡泵等事故而影响油井正常生产的问题,通过对低温浅层压裂井出砂原因的分析,优选出了适合七里村采油厂压裂井的防砂技术——AL-F1防砂剂缝内防砂技术.室内评价了AL-F1防砂剂的导流能力及防运移性能,并通过6井次现场试验考察了AL-F1防砂剂的压裂防砂效果.室内性能评价和现场试验表明,AL-F1防砂剂在七里村采油厂压裂井上的防砂效果较好,完全适用于延长油田低温、低产、间歇出砂压裂井的防砂控制.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.