纳米金属微粒的热力学性质研究

电子的分立能级和宇称效应是纳米颗粒的两个重要特征,它们强烈影响纳米金属颗粒的热力学性质.根据随机矩阵理论,考虑能级统计的影响,基于正则系综计算了具有奇数或偶数个电子的纳米金属颗粒的比热和自旋磁化率,并讨论了二者随温度、粒径和电子体密度的变化关系.     

金属纳米颗粒的极化率与异常光学性质

基于金属纳米材料的异常光学现象,考虑了束缚电荷作用的情况,从理论上推导出在光波照射下金属纳米颗粒的极化率与颗粒尺度关系的结果,进而得到金属颗粒对光波的吸收率,并讨论颗粒尺度对极化率和吸收率的影响,即当金属粒子尺寸达到纳米级时,将金属粒子看作纳米小球,小球极化率出现半径的立方因子,且小球半径小于电子平均自由程,电子的衰减因子受小球半径的制约.由推导结果可以得出,光吸收峰增强,并产生红移.这些结果为深入理解金属纳米颗粒的异常光学性质,揭示和开发应用金属纳米材料的性质提供理论基础.     

被囚禁的电子和未来的电子学器件

把自由运动的电子囚禁在一个小的纳米颗粒内,或者在一根非常细的短金属线内,线的宽度只有几个纳米,会发生十分奇妙的事情。由于颗粒内的电子运动受到限制,电子动或能量被量子化了。结果表现在当在金属颗粒的两端加上电压,电压合适时,金属颗粒导电而电压不合适时金属颗粒不导电。这样一来,原本在宏观世界内奉为经典的欧姆定律在纳米世界内不再成立了。还有一种奇怪的现象,当金属纳米颗粒从外电路得到一个额外的电子时,金属颗粒具有了负电性,它的库仑力,足以排斥下一个电子从外电路进入金属颗粒内,切断了电流的连续性,也使得人们想到是否可以发展用一个电子来控制的电子器件,所谓单电子器件。单电子器件的尺寸很小,一旦实现,并把它们集成起来作成计算机芯片。计算机的容量和计算速度不知要提高多少倍。然而,事情可不是像人们所设想的那么简单。起码有两个方面的问题向当前的科学技术     

金属纳米颗粒增强太阳能电池光吸收效应研究

采用Mie理论,对球形纳米金属颗粒进行数值计算,研究了金属纳米颗粒在发生表面等离激元共振时表现出的散射效应.改变金属材料类型或者颗粒尺寸大小,金属纳米球的散射效率均发生不同程度的变化.这一现象表明:金属纳米颗粒的散射效应受材料类型和尺寸大小的影响显著.计算结果表明,半径为100nm的Ag纳米颗粒在发生表面等离激元共振时,散射效率最高,吸收效应最弱.     

磁场对超导纳米粒子电子热容的影响

采用随机矩阵理论,考虑能级分离、系统电子总自旋和平均能级间距及转变温度对电子热容的影响,用静态路径近似(SPA)计算了高斯系综中正交系综(GOE)、辛系综(GSE)所对应的电子能级分布下处于弱磁场中超导纳米粒子的电子热容.计算中取了几个典型的温度和电子自旋,并对计算结果做了分析.     

微波热分解法制备溶剂稳定的钯金属纳米颗粒

首次报道了在丁醇及氢氧化钠条件下,采用微波热分解法加热分解乙酸钯制备了金属钯纳米颗粒,并用TEM、XPS对其进行了表征.结果表明:随着乙酸钯浓度的增加,金属钯纳米颗粒的平均粒径由30 nm增至50 nm.讨论了当乙酸钯浓度为0.5×10-3 mol/L时,氢氧化钠浓度对金属钯纳米颗粒大小的影响.     

精确尺寸巯基保护贵金属纳米团簇的合成进展

金属纳米团簇作为凝聚态物质的初始形态之一,在金属原子/分子化合物向金属纳米颗粒形成的过程中起着桥梁作用.因其具有量子局限效应,团簇往往表现出特异的光学、催化等性质.近几十年来的研究发现,单个原子的改变会对团簇的几何结构以及电子结构产生显著的影响.同时,精确的结构可以有效地建立结构与性质之间的关系.因此,合成具有精确结构的纳米团簇在近年来受到广泛关注.笔者对巯基保护精确结构金属纳米团簇合成方法的建立以及发展进行了综述.     

晶界处碳含量对超纳米金刚石的结构及电学性质影响的第一性原理计算

采用MedeA.软件中基于密度泛函理论(DFT)下的平面波赝势方法的VASP软件包进行模拟,计算了不同晶界处碳含量对超纳米金刚石电子特性和结构特性的影响。从对优化后的结构分析来看,晶界处碳含量的增加会增加超纳米金刚石中sp~2-C的含量,并且会使金刚石晶粒最外层的原子产生一定程度的位移或改变其键角。分析不同晶界处碳含量超纳米金刚石的能带发现,晶界碳含量的增加会减小结构的带隙,并且会在带隙里引入悬键能级和与sp~2-C相关的π*能级。对3个结构态密度的分析发现,晶界含量的增加不仅会减小结构的带隙,还会增加带隙里悬键能级和π*能级的能态密度,减小电子从低能级跃迁到高能级所需的能量,从而增加超纳米金刚石的导电性。     

Ag纳米颗粒修饰TiO2阵列薄膜的制备及其气敏性能研究

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,用水热法在透明导电衬底FTO上制备金红石相TiO2纳米阵列薄膜,以AgNO3为银源,用化学还原法制备尺寸可控的金属Ag纳米颗粒,将所制备的金属Ag颗粒修饰TiO2纳米阵列薄膜.研究Ag纳米颗粒的表面修饰对TiO2纳米阵列薄膜气敏性能的影响.实验结果表明,室温下,18nm金属Ag纳米颗粒修饰后的薄膜对氢气的灵敏度增加,响应和恢复时间减小,气敏性能明显优越于修饰前的薄膜.     

电子气体的宏观特性与维度的关系

本文以金属中的电子气体为例,把金属中的电子气体视为高度简并的费米气体,应用费米-狄拉克分布,从分析电子气体的能量状态出发,导出了电子气体的能级密度,费米能级和化学势;对金属中一至三维电子气体的比热、泡利顺磁性、朗道逆磁性及传导特性进行了较详细的讨论,总结出了电子气体的比热、磁化率、电导、热导及洛伦兹数的计算通式;找出了维度对这些性质的影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.