苏北山丘区森林群落次生演替中土壤化学性质的时空属性研究

选择苏北山丘区典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段森林群落进行植被调查和土壤分析。结果表明,土壤化学性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律:土壤有机质随植被从低级向高级演进逐渐积累;土壤全N、碱解氮和速效钾等也呈上升趋势。在土壤剖面上,有机质、全N等指标表现出A层>B层>C层的趋势,同时土壤化学性质的空间变化趋势是与植物群落的演替进程相适应的,随着大量凋落物在表层聚集,土壤肥力呈明显上升趋势。     

缙云山森林土壤速效N的分布规律

研究了缙云山森林生态系统4个演替阶段的土壤速效N分布变化规律．结果表明,①土壤速效N在不同群落中均具有明显的层次性,即A（腐殖质层）＞B（沉积层）＞C（母质层）相关分析结果表明,土壤速效N含量与土壤厚度呈极显著负相关（P＜0．01）．②A,B层土壤速效N含量随演替的方向逐渐增加,即灌草丛＜马尾松纯林＜马尾松－川灰木混交林＜常绿阔叶林．这是因为土壤速效N含量与土壤含水量、有机质含量、枯枝落叶厚度呈正相关．③物种多样性指数随演替方向逐渐升高,但在灌木层、草本层略有波动相关分析结果表明,其与A,B两层土壤速效N含量存在不同程度的相关关系．     

常绿阔叶林地被层在群落中的作用：以浙江天童为例

对常绿阔叶林地被层在群落中的作用作了初步研究．结果表明：地被层阻碍凋落物进入地表，地被层枯死物与森林凋落物构成层层交错重迭的密层，大量减弱地表光照，阻碍土壤蒸发，使地表过度阻湿，不利于乔木优势种种子保存及幼苗存活．森林更新幼苗主要来源于草窗     

甘肃兴隆山不同演替阶段典型森林群落的凋落物动态

【目的】分析不同演替阶段典型森林群落凋落物的量、组成特征及月动态,了解兴隆山森林生态系统碳贮量和养分循环状况。【方法】采用凋落物收集器法,对甘肃兴隆山森林演替阶段的3种典型森林群落针阔混交林(山杨(Populus davidiana)-白桦(Betula platyphylla)-青杄(Picea wilosonii)林)和暗针叶林(青杄-灌木林和青杄-箭竹(Fargesia nitida)-苔藓林)的凋落物量、组分、月动态进行了观测与研究。【结果】3种典型森林群落年凋落物量5 534.48～7 951.25 kg/hm²,大小排序为:山杨-白桦-青杄林>青杄-灌木林>青杄-箭竹-苔藓林,针阔混交林高于暗针叶林; 凋落量随森林正向演替的进行而不断减少。山杨-白桦-青杄林中以叶(44.91%)、杂物(20.53%)、枝(15.86%)、果(14.74%)为主,青杄-灌木林中以叶(41.22%)、杂物(23.58%)、枝(18.53%)、果(13.32%)为主,青杄-箭竹-苔藓林中以叶(37.48%)、杂物(27.51%)、枝(22.35%)为主; 在叶凋落物中,针阔混交林以阔叶为主,暗针叶林则以针叶为主。3种典型森林群落凋落量动态模式均为双峰型,但最高峰和最低峰出现时期有所不同,针阔混交林最高峰在10月,最低峰在7月; 暗针叶林最高峰在4—5月,最低峰在8—9月。针叶凋落量动态模式呈双峰型,高峰期出现在4月和10月; 阔叶、杂物、枝、果和花凋落动态模式呈单峰型,阔叶最高峰在10月,杂物、枝和果在4—5月,花在5—6月; 树皮凋落动态无明显变化规律。【结论】森林演替对凋落量及其凋落物组成影响明显; 随森林由阳性落叶阔叶林向阴性针叶林方向演替,森林年凋落量逐渐变小; 阔叶凋落量所占比例逐渐减小,而针叶所占比例逐渐增加。     

华北落叶松群落与土壤肥力的关系

研究了华北落叶松群落与土壤肥力间的关系.结果表明,随着林龄的增长,灌木层与草本层的多样性指数均先增加后减少;同时随着森林的演替,土壤表层的速效磷、速效氮、全氮、有机质的含量随林龄的增加而增加.人为干扰会改变土壤肥力状况,进而影响华北落叶松群落的结构与功能.     

林分斑块尺度下的森林群落碳汇研究

针对森林碳循环过程模型空间模拟尺度多样化,但数据获取比较困难,森林碳变化响应与适应的研究不可 能实现在不同生境下均安置碳通量观测系统的问题,提出利用遥感过程耦合模型定量估算动态 GPP 值、NPP 值、 RH 值及 NEP 值等,反演森林植被群落不同优势树种碳汇/ 碳源情况,探寻造林、森林转化和森林人工经营管理等 植被恢复措施对森林碳增汇的生态价值,激活碳源效应的促进重建作用。 通过以空间代替时间的实地调查采样法 和遥感模型相结合,输入 GLOPEM-CEVSA 模型中温度影响系数、蒸散量、水气压影响系数、二氧化碳浓度胁迫、植 物呼吸及土壤呼吸等驱动因子,研究在林分斑块尺度下森林碳储量差异。 研究表明:(1)从整体情况来看,林地净 初级生产力>草地>农业用地>水域>建设用地,林地净生态系统生产力>农业用地>草地>建设用地>水域;(2)从年 际 NPP / NEP 值来看,森林生态系统大部分表现为大气 CO2 碳汇;(3)森林群落自然恢复演替中 NPP 值大小关系 是:乔幼落叶阔叶林群落(A4)>马尾松/ 杉木常绿针叶林群落(A5)>柏木常绿针叶林群落(A6) >常绿灌丛/ 灌草丛/ 人工灌木群落(A2) >草本群落(A1);NEP 值表现为乔幼落叶阔叶林群落>马尾松/ 杉木常绿针叶林群落>常绿灌 丛/ 灌草丛/ 人工灌木群落>柏木常绿针叶林群落>草本群落;人工辅助演替中 NPP 值大小关系是(慈竹)竹林群落 >马尾松/ 杉木常绿针叶林群落>柏木常绿针叶林群落>常绿灌丛/ 灌草丛/ 人工灌木群落;NEP 值表现为(慈竹)竹 林群落>马尾松/ 杉木常绿针叶林群落>常绿灌丛/ 灌草丛/ 人工灌木群落>柏木常绿针叶林群落,NPP 值和 NEP 值 随顺行演替均呈现出先上升后下降的单峰状发展趋势。     

西南桦人工林物种多样性与土壤理化性状相关性研究

为了探讨人工林群落物种多样性与土壤理化性质的相关性,选择林龄相同的不同迹地更新的西南桦人工林和西南桦次生林3种群落类型灌木层、草本层的Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数（Pielouindex）与土壤pH、有机质、全氮、含水量等理化性质进行pearson相关分析。结果表明：1）3种西南桦群落灌木层、草本层多样性和均匀度指数与表土层含水量和容重基本呈正相关关系,但相关性较小;而与总孔隙度和pH值呈负相关,但均不显著;2）3种西南桦群落表土层有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾等化学性状与灌木层和草本层多样性和均匀度指教基本呈正相关,但相关性均不显著。     

公路绿化带植物群落特征与土壤理化特性

应用野外调查与室内分析方法,分析比较了新建公路绿化带(<1 a)、旧建公路(15 a)绿化带以及研究区内针叶林和两类不同年龄常绿阔叶林的植物群落结构、生物多样性和土壤理化性质。结果表明,新路绿化带植物群落的群落结构最简单,旧路绿化带植物群落次之;与常绿阔叶林群落相比,公路绿化带植物群落的生物多样性较低,尤其是木本植物的物种多样性降低明显。新、旧公路绿化带土壤受扰动严重,土壤容重较大,粗砂粒含量偏高,粘粒含量偏低,新路尤为突出;新、旧公路绿化带植物群落土壤有机质含量和土壤速效养分含量相对其他三种植物群落偏低,新路绿化带相差较大,旧路绿化带相对新路绿化带稍有恢复。     

氮添加与凋落物管理对华北落叶松人工林土壤真菌群落的短期影响

以阴山山地华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,开展氮添加和凋落物管理试验,利用高通量测序技术,研究不同措施对表层土壤(0～10 cm)真菌群落组成、多样性和功能的短期影响,并对二者交互作用进行探讨。结果表明:氮添加和凋落物管理显著增加子囊菌门相对丰度,降低担子菌门相对丰度。氮添加显著增加糙缘腺革菌属相对丰度,高氮最大,为10.15%;凋落物管理显著增加猪块菌属、马鞍菌属和被孢霉菌属相对丰度,均堆积最大,分别为11.03%、13.57%和6.36%。两种处理方式均显著提高土壤真菌Shannon指数和Simpson指数,分别高氮、搅拌最大,结果为6.41、5.77和0.96、0.94。氮添加和凋落物管理显著降低共生营养型真菌相对丰度。土壤pH和硝态氮含量是影响土壤真菌群落的主要因子。高氮搅拌土壤有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮含量以及真菌OTU(operational taxonomic units)数目、Alpha多样性指数、腐生营养型真菌相对丰度均最大,对促进凋落物分解,维持地力平衡具有重要作用。     

上海市垃圾填埋场植被特征分析

通过调查上海市7个行政区11个典型垃圾填埋场的植物群落,分析其种类组成、区系特征、群落类型等指标,总结了垃圾填埋场的植被特征。结果表明:共记录有种子植物77科165属189种,含种数较多的科依次是菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科和豆科,其他含较多种的科为锦葵科、唇形科和藜科,且单种科比例较高;植物区系以北温带分布比例最高,其次为泛热带分布和东亚分布;植物种类以自然侵入的草本植物为主,木本植物多为人工栽植,偶见构树、朴树、桑树、苦楝等演替先锋种;群落类型可划分为常绿针叶林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林等5种,群落结构一般缺少灌木层,乔木树种个体径级呈不连续分布。据此,应根据不同垃圾填埋场的植被现状以及周边环境,建设具有乡土特色的植物景观以及城市"森林岛"景观。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.