苏北山丘区森林群落次生演替中土壤化学性质的时空属性研究

选择苏北山丘区典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段森林群落进行植被调查和土壤分析。结果表明,土壤化学性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律:土壤有机质随植被从低级向高级演进逐渐积累;土壤全N、碱解氮和速效钾等也呈上升趋势。在土壤剖面上,有机质、全N等指标表现出A层>B层>C层的趋势,同时土壤化学性质的空间变化趋势是与植物群落的演替进程相适应的,随着大量凋落物在表层聚集,土壤肥力呈明显上升趋势。     

滇西北亚高山地区植被演替中的土壤理化性质研究

探讨了滇西北亚高山地区群落演替系列中土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明:不同演替群落阶段,其土壤的理化性质对演替的响应存在明显差异。随着植被的正向演替,土壤各项理化指标均向良性发展:土壤PH值逐渐降低;土壤有机质、全N及水解N含量均呈上升趋势;速效K含量在演替顶极前期达最大含量,到演替顶极有所下降;速效P含量在演替过程中有所变化,但随植被演替的变化不明显,没有一定的规律性;且上层土壤养分增加较之下层土壤增加率要大;土壤上层含水量在从草本阶段演替至落叶阔叶林阶段一下呈增长趋势,后有所下降,到演替顶极时达最大值,下层含水量一直呈增长趋势;土壤容重在演替过程中上、下层均呈下降趋势;土壤孔隙度在演替过程中均呈上升趋势。该地区土壤理化性质变化与群落的良性发展呈正相关。     

华南3种人工林土壤有机质和养分含量及其综合评价

基于广东省第6次森林资源清查土壤调查数据,对华南地区3种重要的用材林(桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata))林分土壤有机质和养分含量进行了综合评价。结果表明:桉树人工林A层土壤有机质、速效磷含量显著高于杉木人工林和马尾松人工林,A、B层土壤全钾、速效钾含量显著低于杉木人工林和马尾松人工林(p<0.05); 3种林分土壤(A、B层)全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效铜和有效锌含量均无显著差异(p>0.05); 各林分A层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锌含量显著高于B层,A层全磷、全钾和有效铜含量与B层无显著差异。土壤综合评价系数在A层以桉树人工林最高、杉木人工林较小,B层则为杉木人工林最高、桉树人工林较小,马尾松人工林在A、B层均居中。     

缙云山森林土壤速效氮,钾,含量随植物群落演替变化趋势分析

对缙云山不同演替阶段森林群落土壤速效氮、钾等指标作了取样分析．研究结果表明,随着植物群落由灌草丛→针叶林前期→针叶林后期→针阔混交林→常绿阔叶林演替进展,群落Ａ０层土壤速效氮、钾表现出多→少→多的变化趋势;Ａ,Ｂ,Ｃ层土壤速效氮、钾呈单向递增的演替变化趋势．芒萁草本凋落物向土壤Ａ０层供钾能力大于常绿阔叶木本植物凋落物,常绿阔叶木本植物凋落物向土壤Ａ０层供氮及向Ａ,Ｂ,Ｃ层供氮、钾能力大于芒萁草本凋落物．速效钾在土壤中垂直传递能力大于水解性氮．     

洱海湖滨区菜园土pH值与土壤养分的相关分析

通过对大理洱海湖滨区菜园土具有代表性的98个土壤样品的pH值及其他养分含量进行测定分析。结果表明,菜园土pH值与土壤有机质,全N无明显相关性。而与土壤速效N,速效P呈显著相关。土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn与pH值无明显相关性,速效B和pH值的相关性较显著,土壤有机质,N、P含量较高,而K不足,有效Mn、B含量较低。     

立地条件对青檀人工林生物生产力及檀皮产量的影响

研究了青檀人工林不同立地条件下林上部分生物量,干物质分配模式和出皮率,结果表明：（1）立地条件较好的综合土壤因子为：板岩母质,壤性土,中性土质,土壤A层厚度＞20cm;（2）地上部分叶,木质部和檀皮在地上三部分中所占比例大致相同,木质部分别是檀皮,叶重量的6．83倍和5．98倍;（3）在3年生萌生条中,各段的檀皮产量大小顺序为3年生段＞2年生段＞1年生段。3年生段檀皮产量分别是2年生段,1年生段的1．94倍和3．61倍;（4）不同立地条件可归并为3个类型（A,B,C）,A的出皮率为11．66％,B的出皮率为10．95％,C的出皮率为10．81％,单位面积檀皮疸大小顺序为A＞B＞C。     

连云港云台山自然保护区森林土壤健康评价研究

以云台山自然保护区内5种主要林分下土壤为研究对象,在系统调查和分析土壤形态、物理、化学、酶活性特征以及物种多样性的基础上,运用土壤学知识和专家经验,从中选择枯落物层厚度、灌木层及草本层的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、腐殖质层厚度、土层厚度、容重、粘粒含量、有机质、pH值、阳离子交换量、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷、磷酸酶活性、速效钾等共17项指标,应用不同类型的评分函数方程,对各评价指标数值进行隶属度处理,并基于SPSS软件对所获得数据进行差异性检验和相关分析,确定各项指标的权重。最后,通过加权综合法,建立森林土壤健康指数,并对不同林分下土壤健康状况进行评价。结果表明：该保护区不同林分下土壤健康指数序列表现为盐肤木、黄檀、黄连木林（0．73）〉黄连木、黄檀、枫香林（0．70）〉栓皮栎林（0．65）〉麻栎林（0．63）〉赤松林（0．61）。     

土壤置换法研究土壤基质对微生物碳氮磷的影响

【目的】探索植被演替初期不同土壤基质对微生物碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比的影响。【方法】于2004年采集天然次生林(演替前样地)的A层(淋溶层)、B层(淀积层)和C层(母质层土)土,分别填入30 cm土层厚度的样地,构成A、B和C处理,分别模拟森林皆伐次生演替、无种子库次生演替和原生演替,每种处理4个重复,经过10 a自然演替,比较不同土壤基质间微生物碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比的差异。【结果】① 演替前样地不同土壤基质微生物生物量碳氮磷及其占土壤碳氮磷的比例均呈现出A处理显著高于B、C两个处理(P < 0.05, C处理微生物生物量氮占土壤氮比例除外); 土壤微生物生物量碳氮比(n_Cmic/n_Nmic)为A处理低于B、C处理,土壤微生物生物量碳磷比(n_Cmic/n_Pmic)和微生物生物量氮磷比(n_Nmic/n_Pmic)均为A处理高于B、C处理; ② 演替后样地,不同土壤基质微生物生物量碳氮磷呈现出A处理显著高于B、C两个处理(P < 0.05),其占土壤碳氮磷的比例均呈现出A处理高于B、C两个处理; n_Cmic/n_Nmic为A、B处理低于C处理,n_Cmic/n_Pmic和n_Nmic/n_Pmic均为A处理高于B、C处理; ③ 经过10 a植被演替,A、B、C 3个处理土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷浓度及其占土壤碳氮磷的比例均上升(B处理n_Pmic除外); 3个处理n_Cmic/n_Nmic下降、n_Cmic/n_Pmic和n_Nmic/n_Pmic上升,其中,B、C两个处理的n_Cmic/n_Nmic显著下降(P < 0.05),A、C两个处理的n_Nmic/n_Pmic显著上升(P < 0.05)。【结论】植被演替初期,不同土壤基质理化性质的差异是影响土壤微生物碳氮磷的主要因素。     

米仓山彩叶景观林土壤速效N、P、K含量特征

通过土壤剖面取样法对川东北米仓山景区5种彩叶景观林土壤的速效N、P、K含量进行了初步研究。结果表明:速效N、P、K含量在5种彩叶景观林森林土壤剖面上具有明显的层次性,即腐殖质层高于淋溶层;除淋溶层速效K外,速效N、P、K含量分布特征为天然林高于人工林;天然林中,常绿落叶混交林高于针阔混交林。速效N、P、K含量在巴山水青冈林及其混交林中都高于米心水青冈林及混交林。研究揭示森林群落类型可能是影响米仓山彩叶景观林秋季土壤速效N、P、K含量的重要因子。     

烟台海岸带防护林下土壤理化性质分析

通过对烟台海岸带防护林下48个土壤样品的理化性质进行测定,分析土壤pH值、有机质含量与其速效养分含量的相关性,并探讨防护林的健康状况．结果表明：烟台海岸带防护林下土壤总体上呈酸性,有机质百分含量、碱解氮、速效钾均属最低等级,速效磷属较低等级．有机质与碱解N含量呈极显著正相关;与速效P呈正相关,但不显著;与速效K星负相关．土壤pH值与碱解N含量呈负相关但不显著;与速效P呈显著正相关;与速效K呈极显著正相关;pH与有机质呈负相关．这一研究对烟台海岸带防护林的进一步建设具有重要意义．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.