钢筋混凝土桥梁的钢筋锈蚀与疲劳耦合损伤

钢筋混凝土桥梁在运营过程中同时承受环境侵蚀作用和荷载疲劳作用,导致承载力衰变.通过对钢筋混凝土梁的钢筋锈蚀损伤和疲劳损伤过程的相互影响分析,建立了钢筋锈蚀与疲劳损伤耦合效应下的钢筋截面综合损伤计算模型.对空心板梁的计算分析表明,锈蚀作用造成钢筋疲劳寿命显著减小.因此,钢筋截面综合损伤计算模型可为钢筋混凝土桥梁结构时变承载力评价提供依据.     

混凝土中钢筋锈蚀速率的时变模型

为确定混凝土中钢筋锈蚀速率随时间的变化规律,根据法拉第定律建立了钢筋锈蚀产物随时间的变化关系,在此基础上分析了钢筋锈蚀产物对混凝土孔隙率及混凝土氧气扩散性能的影响关系;建立了混凝土中钢筋锈蚀速率的时变模型.在恒温恒湿条件下,对钢筋锈蚀速率随时间的变化关系进行试验研究.试验结果表明:在其他因素不变的情况下,混凝土中钢筋锈蚀速率随时间的增长而逐渐降低,直至混凝土保护层开裂;时变模型所计算的钢筋锈蚀速率随时间的总体变化规律和试验结果所测试的总体规律基本一致,模型可以用来预测钢筋锈蚀速率随时间的变化规律.     

长期服役结构中钢筋的纵向随机锈蚀分布特征

钢筋在服役结构中的自然锈蚀与试验室人工加速锈蚀存在差异.为研究实际服役工程中钢筋的自然锈蚀特征，从服役50余年的钢筋混凝土桥面板中获取一批钢筋试件，通过三维激光扫描得到精确的锈蚀钢筋剩余表面信息，以锈后剩余截面积直观表征钢筋沿纵向的锈损情况，探究锈蚀程度、钢筋长度对锈蚀纵向不均匀性的影响，经统计分析进行钢筋纵向随机锈蚀的概率分布特征研究，提出相应的概率分布模型.研究结果表明：自然锈蚀钢筋具有多种典型锈蚀形态，锈蚀区域及锈蚀程度沿钢筋纵向随机分布；最大截面积损失率、剩余截面积方差随平均锈蚀率的增大而增大，即平均锈蚀程度越大则锈蚀越不均匀；钢筋长度对纵向锈蚀不均匀性有明显影响，在钢筋来源及平均锈蚀率相同的情况下，随钢筋长度的增大锈蚀不均匀性增大.钢筋的纵向随机锈蚀具有明显的统计规律，多峰正态分布模型可精确描述不同锈蚀程度钢筋的剩余截面积概率分布；Weibull分布及单峰正态分布模型对实测截面积数据拟合优度略低，但其形式简单便于运用，适用于平均锈蚀率低于10%的钢筋.     

混凝土柱中箍筋锈蚀影响纵筋压屈行为分析

为了估算箍筋锈蚀对混凝土柱剩余承载力的影响,利用能量原理推导了锈蚀箍筋抗拉刚度和锈蚀纵筋抗弯刚度退化情况下纵筋压屈模态的计算模型;列出了锈蚀纵筋压屈的1阶、2阶和3阶模态所对应的临界刚度系数Kcr,n;提出了根据箍筋锈蚀率推断纵筋压屈模态的判别式,其理论计算结果与计算机仿真试验结果能很好吻合.基于197根锈蚀钢筋的压屈试验,建立了锈蚀纵筋压屈模态与承载力之间的函数关系.所提出的计算模型可为既有混凝土柱剩余承载力评估中考虑箍筋锈蚀因素提供依据.     

基于碳化锈蚀机理的混凝土结构研究

简要阐述分析了混凝土碳化衰减性能、锈蚀钢筋力学性能、锈蚀钢筋与混凝土粘结性能及基本构件性能退化等方面对混凝土结构性能退化的影响,并给出了钢筋混凝土构件剩余承载力的一般计算方法,针对碳化锈蚀破坏给出建议处治方法。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构抗力衰变综述(Ⅰ):材料层次

针对锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构抗力衰变的影响因素复杂多样,从锈蚀钢筋力学性能、基于锈胀开裂的混凝土截面损伤、锈蚀钢筋与混凝土粘结性能等3个方面,回顾评述了相关研究成果,比较分析了既有锈蚀钢筋力学性能退化模型和粘结性能退化模型的异同,进而指出了当前研究存在的不足以及有待深入研究的方向.结果表明:既有材料层次的衰变模型多依赖于有限试验的经验回归,模型的普适性仍有待提升;从细观甚至微观的角度,探索钢筋的锈蚀形成与损伤演化,以形成统一的锈蚀后材料性能劣化模型,仍是有待进一步探索的研究方向;既有研究对混凝土自身性能的劣化关注不足,老化混凝土自身性能与时间关联模型的建立,有助于提高结构剩余寿命的预测精度.     

锈蚀钢筋压屈名义本构关系的试验研究及应用

为了合理评估部分箍筋锈断的锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱剩余承载力,采用电化学加速锈蚀的方法在实验室获得锈蚀钢筋试件,通过不同直径((φ)18mm,(φ)20mm,(φ)22mm和(φ)12mm)、长径比(L/D=4.55～53.43)和锈蚀率(ηs=0,10%,20%,30%)的197根钢筋试件压屈试验,获得4种形态的轴向荷载-位移曲线(名义本构关系).基于钢筋混凝土柱破坏应具有充分延性的考虑,对锈蚀钢筋的压屈名义本构模型进行"削峰"处理,从而获得柱中锈蚀纵筋计算可用应力的物理模型,提出轴心受压、大偏心受压和小偏心受压3种锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱的截面剩余承载力计算公式.引入锈蚀钢筋影响系数ku和kco,其计算结果与51根锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱试验数据比较,可以较好地吻合,表明所提出的公式可用于既有混凝土柱剩余承载力评估.     

锈蚀疲劳耦合作用下的斜拉索钢绞线损伤分析

斜拉索是斜拉桥重要的承重构件,索体工作环境恶劣,极易遭受腐蚀与疲劳破坏,使得实际寿命大大低于设计寿命。在分析斜拉索钢绞线锈蚀和疲劳过程的基础上,以钢绞线有效截面面积为耦合参数,研究锈蚀疲劳耦合作用下的拉索损伤计算方法。对某钢绞线拉索的计算分析表明,锈蚀和疲劳的耦合作用造成的强度损伤要高于两者简单叠加之和,符合实际情况。该分析给出的强度损伤、剩余强度和当前承载力等计算公式,也可以为拉索剩余寿命估算提供参考。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱承载力的计算模型

基于锈蚀钢筋与混凝土的粘结退化模型,分析了钢筋锈蚀对钢筋混凝土柱承载力计算模式和破坏模式的影响,建立了锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱抗压承载力的计算模型.利用一些近年来文献上有关钢筋混凝土锈蚀柱承载力的试验数据,对计算模型进行了验证,并取得了较好的吻合度.可以为锈蚀柱的承载力分析提供可靠的理论预测.     

锈蚀钢筋压屈应力-应变本构关系模型研究

采用电化学加速试验方法获得216根锈蚀钢筋试件,对锈蚀钢筋试件进行压屈试验,分析钢筋长细比(长度与直径之比)和锈蚀率对锈蚀钢筋压屈应力-应变关系曲线、名义压屈强度等的影响.结果表明:随着质量锈蚀率的增大,锈蚀钢筋名义压屈强度逐渐降低;当长细比≤15时,长细比对锈蚀钢筋名义压屈强度影响不明显;当长细比15时,长细比对锈蚀钢筋名义压屈强度影响显著.锈蚀钢筋名义压屈应力-应变曲线表现出三种形态特征,根据三种曲线特征建立了锈蚀钢筋名义压屈应力-应变本构关系的统一模型,提出了考虑长细比与质量锈蚀率影响的锈蚀钢筋名义压屈强度计算公式,计算值与试验结果符合较好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.