淮河上游生态需水量计算分析

为分析计算淮河上游河流生态需水量,提出了丰水期、枯水期、平水期保证率分别为45%,75%,50%的淮河上游适宜生态径流计算方法,选用淮河上游干流息县、长台关以及大坡岭3个主要控制站1960～2005年历年天然来水量资料,计算了淮河上游最小生态径流和适宜生态径流,并运用Tennant法进行评价.结果表明,最小生态径流在很大程度上有损于河流生态系统稳定与健康;总体而言,3站适宜生态径流均可以使淮河上游河流生态环境状况达到最佳,但在某些年份各站实测月均流量小于其适宜生态径流量,而且丰水期适宜生态径流破坏率较枯水期的要高.因此,在某些年份为满足淮河上游适宜生态需水要求,还应增加河道内生态用水量.     

黄河干流河川径流量变化特性的分析

本文利用清代峡口、万锦滩志桩记载的涨水尺寸资料,把上游青铜峡站、中游陕县站的年径流量资料系列延长至278年和236年.对长系列资料分析表明,黄河干流天然径流量多年变化有着明显的丰、枯循环周期变化,其周期长度并不稳定;上游青铜峡站与中游陕县站天然量的多年变化基本对应,但也不完全对应.对黄河干流天然径流量系列代表性分析表明,上游与中下游应分开进行,青铜峡站天然径流量系列长度不少于83年;陕县站天然径流量系列长度不少于70年,其均值变化基本趋于稳定.陕县站连续11年枯水段在236年系列中出现频次为3次;据近几年资料分析,1990～2000年枯水段到2002年还没有结束.     

黄河断流与西部调水

一、黄河断流及其发展趋势黄河流域是我国西北、华北地区的重要水源。流域面积７９５万ｋｍ２,占全国的８％。根据１９１９～１９７５年的资料统计,黄河花园口多年平均实测径流量为４７０亿ｍ３,还原后,多年平均天然径流量为５５９亿ｍ３,加上花园口以下支流径流量２１亿ｍ３,黄河流域多年平均天然径流量为５８０亿ｍ３。黄河流域地下水资源总量４５３亿ｍ３,其中与河川径流重复计算量３０５亿ｍ３。因此黄河流域水资源总量为７２８亿ｍ３（表１）。表１　黄河天然年径流地区分布区　　间控制面积平均径流量ｋｍ２％ｍ３％径流深兰…     

黄河干流不同断面生态径流量计算

根据生态径流量的概念,应用逐月最小生态径流量计算法和逐月频率计算法计算了黄河干流唐乃亥、头道拐、花园口3站的生态径流量;根据黄河下游来水来沙量变化规律、断流资料以及利津站入海水量的变化特点,分析了黄河干流不同断面的生态问题.结果表明,逐月频率计算法算出的最小生态径流量,无论在枯季还是丰季都能达到很好的生态条件.     

塔里木河流域水量统一调度自校正模型应用

我国多数流域存在水资源供给不足的问题,全流域水资源统一调度是解决这一问题的重要措施.2000年黄河流域调水引入自适应理论,首次实现了全流域自适应水量调度.塔河流域没有像黄河干流五大水库那样的水量调度大型调节杻纽,全流域水量调度工作难度更大.本文根据模型库思想,综合水文预报、社会经济需水预测、生态需水预测、水量分配和河道径流预报等模型,将自校正技术引入到塔河流域的水量调度工作中,依靠滚动的来水预报数据,动态修正水调目标,开发了塔里木河流域水量统一调度自校正模型.在2004到2005年度的水量调度工作中,将模型结果与现行调度方案进行了对比,实践表明该模型具有更高的灵活性,更能反应水资源的变化.     

基于样本熵理论的长江干流径流序列复杂性分析

基于样本熵理论,选取宜昌站、汉口站和大通站为长江干流主要水文控制站,对3站的径流序列进行分析,研究长江干流径流序列复杂性的空间分布及动态变化特征。结果表明:长江干流径流序列复杂性具有明显的空间差异性,从上游到下游总体上呈现增加趋势。各站的样本熵值与年径流量均呈现负相关关系。宜昌站和大通站径流序列复杂性处于不断增加趋势,汉口站21世纪以来呈现增加趋势。     

基于生态补水的永定河流域径流变化分析

大规模的跨区域生态水量调度,在恢复长期断流河道生态水量需求的同时,也打破了流域原有的水文循环规律．为识别生态补水对河道径流的影响,本文开展了永定河流域年径流历史序列时空变化及生态补水前后对比分析．结果表明:流域年径流量呈显著性减少趋势,且在1983年存在变点;变点年后年径流量大幅度减少,且日径流量历时曲线显示变异后低流量的分布历时增加,年内日径流量的差异变大;开展大规模生态补水工作以后,官厅水库年入库流量较之前多年平均有明显提高,年内逐月流量过程恢复明显的双峰过程,生态流量满足率显著提高,生态补水对现状条件下河道径流起到了积极作用．      

九龙江流域生态环境需水量初步研究

对国内外生态环境需水量研究现状作了概述.选择九龙江流域作为研究区域,采用7Q10法,用近10年最枯月平均流量估算河道内基本生态环境需水量为37.7×108 m3/a;采用90%和70%径流量频率作为评价指标,用近10年水文统计资料估算的河道内生态环境需水量分别为38.4×108和60.6×108 m3/a.河道外生态环境需水量的计算选择2003年作为能够反映流域生态环境现状的枯水年份,人类活动用水量采用流域内各行政区的统计数据,地下径流量采用降水补给地下径流系数计算.根据流域水量平衡方程估算出九龙江流域河道外生态环境需水量为35.8×108 m3/a.采用对河流生态安全更为有利的70%保证率作为河道内生态环境需水量,则九龙江流域生态环境需水量约为95.4×108 m3/a,约占多年平均降雨量的42%.     

基于TETIS模型的东北黑土区乌裕尔河流域径流模拟

将TETIS模型引进我国东北黑土区,以乌裕尔河流域为例,进行了径流模拟,结合SCEUA算法与手动调参,对1971—1987年日径流进行了模型的率定与验证,并对流域水量平衡进行了分析。结果表明:率定期和验证期纳什效率系数(ENS)和决定系数(R2)均超过0.7,水量平衡误差均不超过10%。蒸散发是流域水量的主要输出形式,地表径流为河道径流量的主要组成部分。年内径流量差异较大,夏季最多,冬季最少。结合模型评价指标与流域实际地理环境,认为TETIS模型在东北黑土区适用性良好。     

近50年洮河干流径流量分布特征及变化趋势分析

根据洮河干流4个水文站1956-2009年的逐月径流量资料,从不均匀性和集中程度等方面分析了径流量年内分配的变化特征,并采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法分析了流域月、年径流量变化的趋势性.结果表明:洮河干流径流量在枯水季节和丰水季节相差较大,年内分配极不均匀.从时间上来看,1980年以后各水文站径流量的不均匀性和集中程度有所缓解,径流量的集中期有提前的趋势.从空间上来看,洮河流域下游比上游具有更高的不均匀性和集中度,说明越向下游径流量年内分配越不均匀.另外,不均匀性和集中度的相对变化幅度整体有升高趋势.1980年以后洮河干流各月径流量普遍减小,汛期减少尤为明显,且上游枯水期减少趋势大于下游,下游汛期减少趋势大于上游,春、夏季减少趋势大于秋、冬季.洮河干流径流量的年际变化较为剧烈,1980年以后洮河干流年径流量明显减小,且下游减少趋势大于上游.其中,下巴沟、岷县、李家村、红旗站年径流量分别以每年0.14×108,0.28×108,0.35×108,0.37×108m3的速率递减,递减量分别占多年平均径流量的0.91%,0.84%,0.88%,0.81%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.