降雨条件下含大孔隙土柱水-气两相流试验

为揭示降雨条件下含大孔隙土中水—气两相流运移机制,基于室内人工降雨试验,通过自行设计试验装置并借助各类试验设备,对不同工况下大孔隙和基质域的含水率、孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力分别进行实时监测.结果表明：大孔隙的存在可明显加快水分入渗速率,使土柱湿润锋呈现漏斗状,大孔隙附近水分入渗速率明显较快(即产生优先流),但是降雨需持续一定时间才会产生优先流;模型箱底部边界开通有利于气体的排出,可降低孔隙气压力,从而更有利于水分的入渗;大孔隙存在情况下,增加降雨强度可加快优先流的产生,使水分更快地沿着大孔隙入渗至土壤深层,并沿着大孔隙壁向周围基质扩散.此外当降雨强度大于水分入渗速度时,会在土体表面形成积水,一定程度上增加孔隙气压力.     

采用核磁共振的大孔隙残积土水分迁移分析

为揭示大孔隙残积土的水分迁移机理，以原状、重塑花岗岩残积土为研究对象，基于核磁共振分析入渗试验、吸湿试验及干湿循环试验过程中土样基质域和大孔隙域的水分迁移规律。结果表明：入渗试验中，初始状态下原状和重塑土试样中水分主要分布在基质孔隙，随着入渗持续，大孔隙中T2曲线信号幅值逐渐增大且随着时间增加增速变快；吸湿试验中，由于基质吸力的存在，水分主要进入基质孔隙中，且土壤初始含水率与基质吸力呈反相关关系；干湿循环试验中，干湿循环后土壤中出现微小裂缝和孔隙，随着循环次数增加，裂隙逐渐贯通形成大孔隙，部分基质域中的水分进入大孔隙中。     

降雨条件下残积土的优先渗流机理分析

为揭示强降雨条件下残积土的优先流水分运移特性,基于双重孔隙模型,采用有限差分技术编制计算程序,对考虑与不考虑大孔隙的土体模型入渗进行比较,并对降雨强度、持时、基质域与大孔隙域间的水分传导系数(Ksa)等对水分非平衡迁移特性进行分析。结果表明,相同降雨条件下,考虑大孔隙条件下土体基质域湿润峰深度约为不考虑大孔隙条件下湿润峰深度的3倍,且同一湿润峰位置处的含水率较大。随着雨强和持时的增加,水流通过大孔隙入渗导致湿润峰深度快速增加,两域水分交换深度逐渐增大,但其峰值减小。增大Ksa值,土体基质域湿润峰深度逐渐增大,而大孔隙域湿润峰深度逐渐减小。     

面向黄土地质灾害的优势流研究

在分析以往优势流研究方法和存在问题的基础上,对拓展优势流研究与应用领域、深化优势入渗机理以及定量刻画优势入渗规律进行了探讨.研究表明,黄土斜坡地带包气带按优势通道发育特征可概化为优势通道不明显的均匀介质、以大孔隙和裂隙为通道的优势介质、以落水洞、宽大裂隙为通道的灌入介质,将包气带水分运移入渗概化为均匀入渗、优势入渗和直接灌入,均匀入渗模式可用非饱和达西流刻画,优势入渗模式亟待理论突破和软件开发,直接灌入模式可分解为均匀入渗和优势入渗来刻画.     

考虑吸湿和脱湿影响的一维降雨入渗数值模拟

在分析非饱和渗流时,土水特征曲线(SWCC)起着至关重要的作用.吸湿和脱湿条件下的土水特征曲线存在显著的滞后现象,对降雨入渗土体中孔隙水压力的分布有明显影响.采用两种计算模型,运用吸湿和脱湿条件下的土水特征曲线,对一维降雨入渗土体非饱和-饱和-非饱和全过程进行数值模拟,对比分析了计算模型以及吸湿和脱湿,对降雨入渗过程中土体的孔隙水压力分布的影响.     

黄土水分入渗规律的数值模拟研究

运用数值模拟手段研究地表入渗作用下土水特征曲线(SWCC)参数与边界条件对入渗结果的影响,以探究黄土中水分入渗的规律。使用HYDRUS-1D软件建立土柱试验数值模型,使用控制变量法,逐一改变SWCC参数(VG模型参数)与边界条件以探究其各自对模拟结果的影响。模拟结果显示:入渗速率、特定时间节点的入渗深度与饱和渗透系数k_s成正比,与饱和含水率θ_s成反比,与VG模型参数α成反比,与VG模型参数n成正比,与残余含水率θ_r几乎没有关系,与入渗边界的水头高度呈正比。研究结果表明,饱和渗透系数k_s是非饱和渗流的重要影响因素,饱和渗透系数较大,代表土体更松散,导水能力更好。提高模型饱和含水率θ_s会使入渗速率下降,入渗深度变浅,这是因为提高饱和含水率影响了土体中初始水分的分布,水分在土体中形成的连续性通道变少。残余含水率与土体中自由水的运移无关,因而对土体中的水分渗流没有影响。SWCC参数α、m、n的大小与土体孔隙结构、颗粒组成有关,改变SWCC参数会使土的渗流特性发生改变。上部水头增大会使渗流加快,但在超出土体饱和渗流能力的情况下,增大上部边界水头对渗流影响很小。     

一种裂隙土的双重入渗模型及对边坡稳定的影响

在降雨条件下,裂隙的存在为雨水在土中的入渗提供了优势通道,导致雨水在裂隙土坡中的入渗具有不均匀性;裂隙会优先饱和,使得裂隙网络和基质存在水头差,导致基质和裂隙网络存在横向的水流交换.文中将裂隙土表示为由裂隙网络和基质共同组成的双孔隙系统,基于双孔隙模型的Richard渗流方程和伽辽金法,分别求得基质和裂隙网络的压力水头分布,并与Hydrus-1D的计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了该方法的合理性.同时发现,基质和裂隙网络的湿润峰面分布不同,前者陡直,后者平缓.边坡稳定性分析表明,基质宽度越大,雨水入渗影响边坡稳定性的范围越深;当基质宽度变小时,雨水入渗接近均匀入渗,雨水入渗影响稳定性的深度变小,但是饱和度的增加使得浅部土体的抗剪强度降低更大.     

降雨诱发双层土坡地下水上升及稳定性分析

降雨入渗使土坡坡体内孔隙水压力增加,水位上升而导致边坡稳定性下降。建立两种双层土坡模型,分别研究在暴雨、大雨和小雨三种情况下坡体内孔隙水压力变化规律;同时分析降雨引起地下水上涨的运动特性及土坡稳定性变化。研究结果表明:不同类型土质边坡在降雨情况下土体孔隙水压力变化规律是不一样的,雨水入渗的深度也不同;降雨过程中,上层为低饱和渗透性土体下层为高饱和渗透性土体的边坡接触面上孔隙水压力比临近土体的孔隙水压力大,这不同于均质边坡。降雨情况下,土体性质和降雨特性对地下水上涨的运动规律和边坡稳定性有重要的影响。     

基于降雨入渗试验的黄土边坡稳定性研究

降雨入渗是黄土地区边坡失稳破坏的最主要诱发因素,选取陕西关中地区典型黄土边坡为研究对象进行人工降雨试验,分析了黄土边坡降雨入渗规律及边坡破坏机理,并采用有限元软件对降雨入渗作用下孔隙水压力、最大剪应力以及稳定性进行了数值模拟.试验结果表明,边坡土体的渗透系数与孔隙水压力呈指数函数关系,边坡土体的含水率与孔隙水压力呈移动平均函数关系,坡体垂直入渗深度比水平入渗深度要高,且入渗速率也存在差异.同时,边坡稳定性数值分析表明,随着降雨历时增长,坡体安全系数逐渐降低直至发生失稳.     

基于LBM的2D/3D原状花岗岩残积土细观渗流模拟

为刻画原状土体内部孔隙细观渗流特征,选取东南沿海地区某地原状花岗岩残积土作为研究对象,基于计算机断层扫描(CT)和图像处理技术对2D/3D原状土体模型进行重构,并结合格子Boltzmann方法(LBM),通过自编程序模拟土体孔隙内水分渗流及分布情况.结果表明：孤立孔隙对渗流结果影响甚微,仅个别连通性好、孔径大且笔直的大孔隙会成为优势通道并产生优先流;渗流从开始至稳定过程中,最大流速主要出现在孔隙通道由宽变窄处,孔隙结构形态对渗流的影响较孔隙占比更为显著.基于工业CT扫描技术和LBM能较好刻画真实土体孔隙渗流特征,2D模型可更直观表现大孔隙优先流现象,适用于定性研究;3D模型更接近实际情况,可精确计算土体渗透率,适用于定量研究.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.