ATP合酶的研究进展

ATP合酶又称F0F1-ATP酶,是一个多亚基复合体,广泛存在于生物界,包括细菌的质膜、线粒体内膜和类囊体膜,可以催化能源物质ATP的合成。这种酶在生物能学、生物化学、物理学和纳米学领域受到重要关注。ATP合酶主要由两部分组成:一是水溶性的蛋白复合体F1,另外一个是疏水部分F0,两者都是转动马达。其中F1亚基由核基因编码,F0亚基由线粒体ATP6和ATP8基因以及核基因共同编码。该酶利用线粒体内膜两侧质子梯度差形成的势能,通过结合改变机理旋转合成ATP,也可逆水解ATP形成梯度差,达到了很高的能量转化效率。研究其对于能量代谢具有重要价值,国内外学者一直在对其进行探索。综合国内外文献对ATP合酶的功能、结构、研究历史和影响因素进行了阐述。     

野桑蚕漆酶基因克隆、序列分析及转录表达谱研究

利用RT-PCR方法,克隆了野桑蚕Bombyx mandarina漆酶基因,获得了其cDNA序列.该序列长2 317bp,含有一个2 295bp的完整开放阅读框,有8个外显子,7个内含子,编码一个由764个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,其蛋白质的分子量和等电点分别为84 340.91和6.61.推导的氨基酸序列与其它鳞翅目昆虫(Laccase)基因相应氨基酸序列有较高的同源性,该序列具有它们的漆酶基因所共有的典型特征.组织特异性表达分析表明了该基因仅在野桑蚕的表皮、头部、中肠和血液中有表达.这些结果为进一步研究野桑蚕漆酶基因的功能提供了分子基础.     

花生种子活力、ATPase及H~ 分泌初探

线粒体结合ATPase及质膜和液泡膜结合ATPase活性随花生种子吸胀的起始逐渐增加,酶活性与种子活力有正相关性。以萌发一周的花生下胚轴为实验材料,线粒体ATPase,质膜ATPase和液泡膜ATPase的反应最适pH均为9.在pH 6～10范围内随pH的升高H~ 分泌增多。膜ATP酶为二环已烷亚胺抑制,而为KCl激活;NaN_3特异地抑制线粒体ATP酶,而NaVO_3专一地抑制质膜ATP酶,但两者对液泡膜ATP酶均无效。Mg~( )、K~ 激活ATPase,也刺激H~ 分泌。质膜ATPase抑制剂NaVO_3对H~ 9分泌作用不大,而线粒体ATPase抑制剂NaN_3及解偶联剂DNP均显著抑制H~ 分泌。CoⅠ刺激H~ 分泌而C_oⅡ抑制H~ 分泌。似乎线粒体ATP产量对H~ 分泌更重要。     

虎纹蛙病毒的ATP酶基因克隆和序列分析

利用对应于蛙病毒—3型(FV3）ATP酶基因(ATPase)的162—178nt和1186—1174ntt碱基序列作为引物，采用PCR方法扩增得到虎纹蛙病毒(RTV)的ATP酶基因，并对该基因进行克隆、测序和分析。基因读码框大小为945hp，预计可编码一相对分子质量为35500的蛋白质。氨基酸序列比较结果，RTV的ATPase基因与虹彩病毒科蛙病毒属的代表种FV3的一致性最高，为87．9％，与该科其它脊椎动物病毒的一致性在50％-52％之间。ATP酶蛋白质结构域分析可知该基因编码的ATP酶含有Walker型ATP酶AAA族蛋白质的全部结构域，其中既具有Walker型ATP酶所具有的Walker a和Walker b保守区，还含有AAA族蛋白质基因所具有的SRH高度保守区，因此，该基因是一完整的活性蛋白编码基因。     

Pseudomonas syringae褐藻胶裂解酶基因的克隆及信息学分析

以Pseudomonas syringae的基因组为模板,使用褐藻胶裂解酶引物进行PCR扩增,将目的基因克隆至p MD18-T载体后进行测序.结果显示,克隆基因的大小为1137 bp,预测编码含有378个氨基酸残基的蛋白质.对该蛋白质进一步进行生物信息学分析,结果表明,该蛋白质序列与其他菌株来源的褐藻胶裂解酶具有高的相似性,预测本研究克隆的基因编码褐藻胶裂解酶.该褐藻胶裂解酶的理论分子质量为42.5 ku,理论等电点为8.15.采用同源建模法建立P.syringae褐藻胶裂解酶的三维结构,富含螺旋结构.     

利用ATPase基因研究杂交多倍体鲫鲂线粒体母性遗传

三倍体鲫鲂、四倍体鲫鲂和五倍体鲫鲂是通过红鲫旱×团头鲂舍亚科间远缘杂交形成的．采用PCR产物直接测序法,测定了5尾三倍体鲫鲂、6尾四倍体鲫鲂和6尾五倍体鲫鲂及其1尾父本团头鲂的线粒体DNA ATPase8和ATPase6基因的全序列,并与所获得的红鲫和外群斑马鱼的同源序列进行比较,同时分析了其碱基组成、变异情况以及核苷酸和氨基酸序列差异．红鲫、团头鲂、三倍体鲫鲂、四倍体鲫鲂和五倍体鲫鲂之间的序列分歧率为0．0％-21．6％,它们与外群斑马鱼之间的序列分歧率为27．0％-28．2％．用MEGA3．1软件中的Maximum parsimony（MP）,Minimum evolution（ME）,Neighbor joining（NJ）和UPGMA程序构建的分子系统树具有相似的拓扑结构．结果表明,人工杂交三倍体鲫鲂、四倍体鲫鲂和五倍体鲫鲂在线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因上具有严格的母性遗传特征．研究证明ATPase8和ATPase6基因是杂交多倍体鲫鲂遗传变异研究的一个很好的分子标记．     

暗纹东方纯CD8α基因克隆、原核表达与多克隆抗体制备

CD8是与Ⅰ型主要组织相容性复合体（MHCI）结合，是T细胞表面受体（TCR）的共受体．也是T淋巴细胞表面的重要标志物。该研究报道了暗纹东方纯胸腺等组织中克隆获得CD8αcDNA序列及其相应的基因组序列。克隆到的cDNA序列全长1061bp，包含1个657bp的开放读码框（ORF），编码218个氨基酸；其对应的基因组序列为1533bp，包含5个内含子和6个外显子。生物信息学分析表明，D8d蛋白质序列由信号肽、胞外可变区、铰链区、跨膜区和胞内区5部分组成。胞外区的可变区和铰链区部分各有两个高度保守的半胱氨酸残基，可能参与链内和链间二硫键的形成。氨基酸序列多重比对表明，暗纹东方鲍与其他鱼类的CD80α，特别是与鲽形目鱼类具有较高的同源性。为进一步研究暗纹东方纯CD8的生物学功能，构建了表达CD8α成熟肽胞外区的重组质粒，诱导表达出重组蛋白。以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原免疫大白兔，制备了抗血清。经间接ELISA法检测抗体效价表明。获得了高效价的特异性暗纹东方纯CD8c~抗体，为进一步研究CD8在鱼类淋巴细胞进化和适应性免疫中的作用奠定了基础。     

印鼠客蚤线粒体COⅡ基因的克隆、序列测定和分子系统学分析

本文报道了印鼠客蚤云南株线粒体DNA中长为901bp的片段,包括完整的COⅡ基因和3个氨基酸tRNA基因及ATPase8基因片段。COⅡ基因全长684bp,编码227个氨基酸,起始密码为ATC,终止密码为TAA。印鼠客蚤mtDNACOⅡ基因中富含AT,含量为77%,GC含量为23%。根据COⅡ基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列,对蚤目蚤科部分种类及外群进行了分子系统学分析。     

微泡菌ALW1褐藻胶裂解酶AlgL14的表达及信息学分析

以微泡菌(Microbulbifer sp.) ALW1的基因组为模板,使用褐藻胶裂解酶AlgL14特异性引物进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物克隆至p MD18-T载体后进行测序,并对该基因编码的蛋白质序列进行生物信息学分析。将目的基因插入pET-28α(+)表达载体,转入Escherichia. coli BL21 (DE3)中进行诱导表达,并利用亲和层析进行重组蛋白纯化。结果显示,克隆基因的大小为1 350 bp,预测编码含有449个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。该蛋白质序列与其他菌株来源的褐藻胶裂解酶序列具有一定的相似性,预测克隆的目的基因编码褐藻胶裂解酶,归属于PL-14家族。褐藻胶裂解酶AlgL14的理论分子质量大小为48. 772 ku,理论等电点为6. 27。采用同源建模法建立菌株ALW1褐藻胶裂解酶AlgL14的三维结构,富含β-折叠。将目的基因在E. coli BL21 (DE3)中进行诱导表达,并纯化获得重组褐藻胶裂解酶。SDS-PAGE分析显示,表达的目的蛋白分子质量约为48. 8 ku。     

Maternal inheritance in polyploid fish inferred from mitochondrial ATPase genes analysis

The sequences of the ATPase8/6 genes for the triploid, tetraploid and pentaploid hybrids as well as for their male parent blunt snout bream were determined. In order to examine mitochondrial maternal inheritance, the sequences were subjected to a comparative sequence analysis with the homologous sequences of red crucian carp, their female parent, and zebrafish as the outgroup. Base composition and variation as well as the divergences based on nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences were calculated. Phylogenetic trees were also constructed with maximum parsimony (MP), minimum evolution (ME), neighbor joining (NJ) and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithms in MEGA 3.1. The results showed that most nucleotide substitutions occurred at the third codon position of the two genes and thus represented synonymous mutations. The nucleotide sequence divergences of the ATPase8/6 genes ranged from 0.0% to 21.6% among ingroup samples (three types of polyploids and their parents), and 27.0–28.2% between their ingroup and the outgroup samples. All the polyploids were considerably closer in sequence relationship to the female parent red crucian carp (0.0–3.3%) compared to their male parent blunt snout bream (21.0–21.6%). The phylogenetic trees also showed a similar result. In conclusion, the mitochondrial ATPase8/6 genes of artificial polyploid fish stringently indicated maternal inheritance. Our results also suggested that the ATPase8/6 genes are valuable genetic markers to track genealogies and variations in the progenies of the hybrids.     

Correlation between the ATPase and microtubule translocating activities of sea urchin egg kinesin

Coupling between ATP hydrolysis and microtubule movement was demonstrated several years ago in flagellar axonemes and subsequent studies suggest that the relevant microtubule motor, dynein, uses ATP to drive microtubule sliding by a cross-bridge mechanism analogous to that of myosin in muscles. Kinesin, a microtubule-based motility protein which may participate in organelle transport and mitosis, binds microtubules in a nucleotide-sensitive manner, and requires hydrolysable nucleotides to translocate microtubules over a glass surface. Recently, neuronal kinesin was shown to possess microtubule-activated ATPase activity although coupling between ATP hydrolysis and motility was not demonstrated. Here we report that sea urchin egg kinesin, prepared either with or without a 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate(AMPPNP)-induced microtubule binding step, also possesses significant microtubule-activated ATPase activity when Mg-ATP is used as a substrate. This ATPase activity is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by addition of Mg-free ATP, by chelation of Mg2+ with EDTA, by addition of Na3VO4, or by addition of AMPPNP with or without Mg2+. Addition of these same reagents also inhibits the microtubule-translocating activities of sea urchin egg kinesin in a dose-dependent manner, supporting the hypothesis that kinesin-driven motility is coupled to the microtubule-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity.     

Shewanella piezotolerans WP3中sulfotransferase基因的克隆表达与活性研究

Shewanella piezotolerans WP3分离自西太平洋1914 m的深海沉积物中,是一株革兰氏阴性,耐冷、耐压且兼性厌氧的杆状细菌.初步研究证明海洋细菌中含有磺基转移酶(sulfotransferase,ST)活性.本实验中构建了WP3两个磺基转移酶基因的原核表达载体,在E.coli中表达并纯化了重组ST,通过底物的化学反应,证明两个重组磺基转移酶均具有转磺酶活性.研究结果为后续实验的WP3胞外寡糖的离体硫酸化修饰工作奠定了基础.     

A novel brain ATPase with properties expected for the fast axonal transport motor

Identification of the ATPase involved in fast axonal transport of membranous organelles has proven difficult. Myosin and dynein, other ATPases known to be involved in cell motility, have properties that are inconsistent with the established properties of fast axonal transport, an essential component of which is readily solubilized in physiological buffer conditions rather than being stably associated with either membranous organelles or cytoskeletal elements. Adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), a nonhydrolysable analogue of ATP, is a potent inhibitor of fast axonal transport that results in a stable interaction of membranous organelles with microtubules. Here we report the identification and partial characterization of an ATPase activity from brain whose binding to microtubules is stabilized by AMP-PNP. This ATPase activity seems to be associated with a polypeptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 130,000 that is highly enriched in microtubule pellets after incubation with AMP-PNP and a soluble fraction from chick brain. This novel ATPase fraction has the predicted characteristics of the motor involved in fast axonal transport. Common features between the ATPase and fast axonal transport include interaction with the cytoskeleton in the presence of AMP-PNP, ready extractability, no Ca2+ dependence and inhibition by EDTA.     

棉铃虫泛素基因的克隆及序列分析

泛素介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路(Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,UPP)是真核细胞内依赖ATP的非溶酶体蛋白质降解途径,该途径对细胞内蛋白的选择性降解起着重要作用.设计一对简并引物,从棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera卵巢细胞Ha831中克隆了泛素基因的编码区,GenBank登录号AY456195.序列分析表明,该编码区的长度为228bp,编码76个氨基酸、其编码蛋白的相对分子质量为8 560,等电点为6.56.同源性比较发现,棉铃虫泛素基因与其他真核生物泛素基因在氨基酸水平上具有96%以上的相似性,而与棉铃虫核多角体病毒泛素的相似性为76%,所有已知的泛素关键功能位点在该泛素蛋白中均保守存在.     

Three-dimensional structure of the ATPase fragment of a 70K heat-shock cognate protein

The three-dimensional structure of the amino-terminal 44K ATPase fragment of the 70K bovine heat-shock cognate protein has been solved to a resolution of 2.2 A. The ATPase fragment has two structural lobes with a deep cleft between them; ATP binds at the base of the cleft. Surprisingly, the nucleotide-binding 'core' of the ATPase fragment has a tertiary structure similar to that of hexokinase, although the remainder of the structures of the two proteins are completely dissimilar, suggesting that both the phosphotransferase mechanism and the substrate-induced conformational change intrinsic to the hexokinases may be used by the 70K heat shock-related proteins.     

Location of the ATPase site of myosin determined by three-dimensional electron microscopy

Both ATP hydrolysis by myosin and the accompanying cyclic association-dissociation of actin and myosin are essential for muscle contraction. It is important for understanding the molecular mechanism of contraction to know the three-dimensional locations of the two major functional sites of myosin: the ATPase site and the actin-binding site. We have determined the position of the ATPase site of myosin using three-dimensional image reconstruction from electron micrographs and site-specific labelling with the avidin-biotin system. The ATPase site is about 5 nm from the tip of the myosin head and is about 4 nm away from the actin-binding site of myosin. This is the first report of the three-dimensional location of an enzyme active site by electron microscopy.