碳正离子1,2-氢或甲基迁移重排机理

用量子化学计算研究了碳正离子 １，２ 重排的氢、甲基迁移重排机理，结果表明其历程是一种正离子系统中的原子迁移的协同历程，从而说明了一般有机理论中认为其历程为负离子型的迁移的观点是不确切的     

有机反应中的1,2迁移反应

1,2-迁移反应是碳正离子、自由基、碳负离子、自由卡宾和金属卡宾所共同具有的一类重排反应,对于前四者已有相对深入的系统研究.以往的研究表明,1,2-氢迁移在大多数情况下占有绝对优势.通过对金属卡宾1,2-迁移反应的系统研究发现:当β位上取代基没有拉电子作用或具有给电子作用时,1,2-氢迁移反应占主导地位;当β位上取代基为拉电子基团时,芳基、烯基或炔基将优先于氢发生1,2-迁移反应,对这类反应进行了综述.     

碳正离子1,2—氢或这移重排机理

用量子化学计算研究了碳正离子１，２重排的氢，甲基迁移重排机理，结果表明其历程是一种正离子系统中的原子迁移的协同历程，从而说明了一般有机理论中认为其历程为负离子型和迁移的观点是不确切的。     

三甲基硅腈-碘化锌对β-蒎烯环氧化物的开环反应机理

2,10-环氧-10β-蒎烷和2,10-环氧-10α-蒎烷在碘化锌存在下,分别与三甲基硅腈反应,生成同样组分的产物混合物。经分离、提纯后得到5个产物,用质谱、红外、质子和碳-13核磁共振谱对其结构进行了鉴定。这5种产物的生成用正碳离子中间体的产生及其重排得到了合理解释。     

基于氨基做质子迁移桥梁的苯丙氨酸分子旋光异构反应机理

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法和微扰理论的MP2方法,对苯丙氨酸分子的3种最稳定构型基于氨基做质子迁移桥梁的旋光异构进行研究.反应通道研究发现:标题反应有3条通道a、b和c.对于构型1和3,a是羧基异构后手性碳上的质子再以氨基为桥迁移,b是手性碳上的质子直接以氨基为桥迁移,c是手性碳上的质子以羧基和氨基联合为桥迁移.对于构型2,3条通道分别是质子只以氨基、顺次以羰基与氨基和顺次以羧基和氨基为桥迁移;势能面计算表明:构型1,3的主反应通道都是a,决速步是第2基元反应,活化吉布斯自由能垒分别为256.7kJ·mol~(-1)和263.4kJ·mol~(-1),由羧基异构后质子从手性碳向氨基氮迁移的过渡态产生.构型2的主反应通道也是a,决速步是第1基元反应,活化吉布斯自由能垒为256.5kJ·mol~(-1),由质子从手性碳向氨基氮迁移的过渡态产生;3种构型的苯丙氨酸分子旋光异构速控步骤的反应速率常数分别为6.27×10-33 s~(-1),6.79×10-33s~(-1)和4.20×10-34s~(-1).     

几种稳定构型酪氨酸分子的手性转变反应机理及水溶剂化效应

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法、微扰理论的MP2方法和自洽反应场(SCRF)理论的smd模型方法,研究了3种最稳定构型的酪氨酸分子的手性转变机理及水溶剂化效应。研究发现标题反应均有3条通道a、b和c。对于构型1和2,分别是手性碳上的质子在羧基顺反异构后以氨基、直接以氨基和羧基与氨基联合为桥迁移。对于构型3,分别是手性碳上的质子只以氨基、羰基与氨基联合以及羧基内氢迁移后再以氨基为桥迁移。势能面计算表明:构型1和2的主反应通道都是a,决速步自由能垒分别为257.0和264.0 k J·mol-1,构型3的主反应通道是a和c,决速步自由能垒分别为257.4和257.0 k J·mol-1,它们均来源于质子从手性碳向氨基氮迁移的过渡态。水溶剂效应使构型1的主反应通道决速步能垒降到113.1 k J·mol-1。结果表明:单体酪氨酸分子具有稳定性;水溶剂环境下酪氨酸的手性转变可以缓慢进行。     

烯丙基乙烯基醚锂1,2-迁移机理研究

以从头算方法（6－31G基组）研究了烯丙基乙烯基醚锂化物发生乙烯基从氧到碳上的1，2－迁移的机理，乙烯基烯丙基同锂试剂（RLi)反应，但尚未重排前，烯丙基端的C3－O醚键就已断裂，则不是锂离子和烯丙基负离子呈负离子对形式存在，过渡态构型类似一个二聚代的反式三元环结构，重排反应的活化能较高（137.4kJ/mol)，然而整个反应的放热效应也相当高（176.5kJ/mol)，因而它是一个反应速度相当快的重排反应。     

立体电子效应控制的频哪醇重排反应

本文简要叙述了由立体电子效应控制的频哪醇重排反应。指出在频哪醇重排反应中,离去基团和迁移基团总是处在反式共平面位置,而迁移基团与它所在碳上的羟基氧上一对孤电子也处于反式共平面位置。在这对孤电子的立体电子效应作用下,促使重排基团带着一对电子从离去基团的反位上进行1,2——位移。     

MOR分子筛对布洛芬手性转变反应的限域影响

采用量子力学与分子力学组合的ONIOM方法,研究了布洛芬在MOR分子筛12元环孔道限域环境的手性转变.反应通道研究发现:标题反应有7条路径,质子从手性碳的一侧向另一侧迁移可分别以羰基、甲基和羰基联合、羧基以及羧基和苯环联合作桥实现.反应势能面计算发现:在羧基内实现质子迁移后,手性C上的质子以新羰基O为桥迁移到苯环,接着苯环上的质子又以羰基为桥在纸面里迁移到手性碳的手性转变过程是主反应路径.决速步骤是质子从手性碳向新羰基氧的迁移过程,决速步骤吉布斯自由能垒是263.4kJ·mol~(-1),相对于裸反应决速步骤的能垒287.1kJ·mol~(-1)有明显降低.结果表明:MOR分子筛12元环孔道对布洛芬的手性转变反应具有限域催化作用.     

几种稳定构型精氨酸分子的手性转变反应机理及水溶剂化效应

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法、微扰理论的MP2方法和自洽反应场(SCRF)理论的smd模型方法,研究了2种最稳定构型的精氨酸分子的手性转变机理及水溶剂化效应.研究发现标题反应有3条通道a、b和c.对于构型1,分别是手性碳上的质子以氨基、羰基和氨基联合以及羧基和氨基联合为桥迁移.对于构型2,分别是手性碳上的质子只以氨基为桥、羧基异构后再以氨基为桥迁移及以羧基和氨基联合作桥迁移.势能面计算表明:构型1的主反应通道都是a,决速步自由能垒分别为268.2kJ·mol~(-1),来源于质子从手性碳向氨基氮迁移的过渡态.构型2的主反应通道是b,决速步自由能垒为239.3kJ·mol~(-1),来源于质子从手性碳向氨基氮迁移的过渡态.水溶剂效应使构型2的主反应通道决速步自由能垒降到95.7kJ·mol~(-1).结果表明:随着温度的升高,构型2先手性转变;水溶剂对精氨酸的手性转变有极好的催化作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.