土工布应力吸收层对沥青路面性能影响试验评价

为分析铺设土工布应力吸收层对沥青路面性能的影响,保证土工布应力吸收层合理使用,文章采用双层车辙板试件模拟实际路面结构形式,通过直剪试验、车辙试验、半圆弯拉试验、三点弯曲疲劳试验和加压渗水等室内试验,分析了铺设土工布前后复合沥青混合料的路用性能。研究表明:沥青路面中设置土工布应力吸收层后比普通路面结构层间的黏结能力和抗车辙性能均有所降低,但合理选择黏层油洒布量可最大限度地降低其不利影响;含土工布夹层试件低温破坏需要较高的断裂能,土工布应力吸收层对路面结构低温抗裂性能增强作用显著;疲劳回归模型表明土工布应力吸收层可改善路面结构抗疲劳特性,有利于延长路面的使用寿命;同时土工布应力吸收层可有效阻止高压路表水的下渗,大大减少了路面内部的水损害。     

桥面铺装粘结层剪切性能试验

设计了一种能对试件施加任意正应力大小的层间剪切试验装置,并以层间抗剪强度作为评价指标,通过有压力的直接剪切试验对粘结层的抗剪性能进行研究,得到了不同界面类型、法向正应力、温度和加载速率等因素对桥面铺装层间抗剪性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,桥面板表面的构造深度越大,抗剪强度就越大;法向正压力越大,层间抗剪强度就越大,且近似成线性增长;温度越高,抗剪强度就越低,当温度为60℃时,抗剪强度为25℃时的57.8%;随着剪切速率的增大,抗剪强度先增大后小幅减小。     

高温喷水冷却后圆钢管高强混凝土 的界面黏结性能试验研究

为研究高温喷水冷却后圆钢管高强混凝土界面间的黏结性能,设计22个圆钢管试件进行高温啧水冷却处理后的静力推出试验,主要考虑混凝土强度、历经最高温度、锚固长度、恒温时长和冷却方式的影响.通过试验揭示了高温喷水冷却后圆钢管高强混凝土界面黏结失效机理,分析了各变化参数对其黏结性能的影响,并提出高温喷水冷却后圆钢管高强混凝土黏结强度的计算公式.结果表明:高温喷水冷却后试件加载端与自由端的荷载滑移曲线变化趋势基本相似,并可将其分为三类典型曲线;推出试验中钢管外表面应变与距加载端的距离呈指数关系分布;高温啧水冷却后,试件的黏结强度随混凝土强度的增大变化较小,与锚固长度成反比,恒温时长大于60 min后基本稳定,随历经最高温度的升高,极限黏结强度先增大后减小再增大,残余黏结强度先增大再减小;与自然冷却试件相比,啧水冷却试件的极限黏结强度、残余黏结强度与剪切黏结刚度均较小,界面耗能能力较大.运用文中所提出的黏结强度计算公式算得的结果与试验值吻合良好.     

承重型横孔连锁混凝土砌块砌体的抗剪性能

为研究承重型横孔连锁混凝土砌块砌体的抗剪性能,采用3种块型的砌块制作了砌体抗剪试件.每种块型的砌块试件均以3种砂浆强度为变量.首先对试件进行了静力剪切加载试验,观察试验现象,记录剪切破坏荷载.然后分析了影响砌体抗剪强度的主要因素,并和其他混凝土砌块砌体抗剪强度的试验结果以及规范计算值进行了对比.最后提出了考虑有效黏结面积计算混凝土砌块砌体抗剪强度的方法.研究结果表明:承重型横孔连锁混凝土砌块砌体的剪切破坏均为砂浆与混凝土砌块接触面的黏结剪切破坏.计算砌体抗剪强度时,应采用砂浆与砌块接触面的有效黏结面积;在此基础上,提出了承重型横孔连锁混凝土砌块砌体抗剪强度的计算方法,该方法不但可以准确计算该砌块砌体的抗剪强度,而且可以计算其他类型混凝土砌块砌体基于黏结剪切破坏的抗剪强度.     

新型聚合物桥面铺装结构层间剪切性能

通过室内斜剪试验评价了聚合物桥面铺装层间抗剪强度,分析了剪切速率、温度以及涂膜厚度对层间抗剪强度的影响.结果表明:聚合物铺装结构层间抗剪强度值随着剪切速率的增加而呈幂指数上升;层间抗剪强度随温度的上升而下降,试验组中其值在60℃时达最低,但仍远远高于其他铺装材料;环氧树脂抗剪强度在半对数坐标下相对于温度变化接近线性关系,其相比沥青类材料受温度影响程度更小;随着树脂膜厚的增加,聚合物铺装结构层间抗剪强度表现为先增高后降低的趋势,计算得Mark--135的最佳膜厚为0.28 mm,Mark--163的最佳膜厚为1.10 mm.     

水泥混凝土桥面铺装层间黏结性能研究

研究了水泥混凝土桥面铺装层间黏结性能随温度的变化规律,同时探究了黏结层的温度性能以及直剪与斜剪剪切强度之间的关系. 对比分析了4种涂膜黏结层（SBS改性沥青、WTR改性沥青、WTR/APAO改性沥青、AMP-100二阶反应型黏结涂料）和3种改性沥青碎石黏结层（SBS改性沥青碎石、WTR改性沥青碎石、WTR/APAO改性沥青碎石）的拉拔及剪切强度差异. 采用回归分析法获得层间强度随温度的变化规律;计算不同温度下层间强度与常温（20 ℃）下层间强度的比值,用于黏结层剪切强度和拉拔强度的温度敏感性对比分析;分析不同温度下斜剪强度与直剪强度的比值关系. 结果表明：层间拉拔强度、层间剪切强度与温度均满足单指数函数关系,拟合优度R2达0.970以上. WTR/APAO改性沥青黏结层及WTR/APAO改性沥青碎石黏结层力学性能优良,在不同温度下的拉拔和剪切强度值均高于同类型黏结层. AMP-100黏结层拉拔和剪切强度对温度的敏感性最低. 建立了20~45 ℃的层间强度比值表,用于层间强度预估. 斜剪强度显著高于直剪强度,同时斜剪强度对温度的敏感性低于直剪强度,当温度处于20~45 ℃时,斜剪强度与直剪强度比值范围为1.165~2.990.     

刚柔复合式路面结构室内压剪强度试验研究

研发了一套室内试验装置及方法,通过设置倾角将竖向载荷分解为垂直或平行于试件表面的分力,实现对刚柔复合式路面结构的室内压剪试验.采用Abaqus软件分析了复合试件的三维应力分布,通过室内试验对比了不同试验方法的强度值,测试了不同因素对压剪强度的影响,并拟合出考虑温度和沥青层厚度的压剪强度模型.有限元分析结果表明,试验采用的压头和试件组合能较好地模拟实际路面结构的应力分布状态.试验结果表明,温度和沥青层厚度是影响复合式试件压剪强度值的主要因素.当试件压剪破坏时,对应的层间剪应力恒小于层间剪切强度,若荷载扩散角为45°,则层间剪应力仅为层间剪切强度的8%,从而确定了复合试件的破坏位置在沥青面层而非层间处.     

高温后方钢管再生混凝土界面黏结性能及本构方程

为了揭示高温后方钢管与再生混凝土的界面黏结性能，以最高经历温度（T）、再生 粗骨料取代率（γ）为变化参数，设计并完成了20个试件高温后的推出试验. 通过试验观察了试 件的受力破坏过程及形态，获取了试件加载端和自由端的荷载-滑移曲线，分析了各变化参数 对界面黏结性能及界面损伤发展过程的影响规律，并提出了相应的黏结强度的计算公式及黏 结滑移本构方程 . 结果表明：试件加载端和自由端的荷载-滑移曲线形态基本一致，但加载端 的初始滑移发生相对更早，曲线形态可以分为T≤200 ℃和T≥400 ℃两类；界面黏结性能整体上 相比方钢管普通混凝土较差（相应的黏结性能平均差距范围约为3.10%~19.05%）；随着经历温 度的升高，黏结强度及黏结抗剪刚度先减小后增大，界面耗能能力则逐渐增大；随着再生粗骨 料取代率的提高，黏结强度逐渐减小，而黏结抗剪刚度和界面耗能能力则均呈现先增大后减 小再小幅恢复的变化趋势；界面初始黏结损伤的发生在T=600 ℃时明显推迟，并随再生粗骨料 取代率的提高表现出逐渐提早的趋势，而T≤400 ℃时经历温度及再生粗骨料取代率对其影响 均不大；黏结损伤发展速度随经历温度和再生粗骨料取代率的升高呈现先增大后减小的变化 趋势.     

裂缝防治聚酯玻纤布的抗剪和疲劳性能

采用两种聚酯玻纤布(试件A和试件B)进行抗剪切和疲劳实验,与无聚酯玻纤布试件作对比,研究其对层间黏结力和防治路面反射裂缝能力的影响。经剪切和疲劳实验仪器测试:试件A和试件B的抗剪强度分别下降为对比试件的31.3%和20.5%;对比试件、试件A及试件B的裂缝发展速率分别为3.03、1.90和4.20 mm/万次。实验结果表明,聚酯玻纤布影响层间黏结能力,从而会影响其防治反射裂缝能力;铺设聚酯玻纤布必须注重层间的黏结程度。     

自密实混凝土加固碳化混凝土界面剪切性能试验

为研究混凝土构件长期暴露大气中表面形成的碳化层对自密实混凝土加固混凝土黏结界面剪切性能的影响,为该类结构加固设计提供依据,设计不同碳化程度Z形黏结试件进行直剪试验,考察混凝土碳化深度、混凝土强度和界面处理方式等对黏结试件破坏形式和抗剪强度的影响,并在试验基础上建立碳化混凝土黏结界面抗剪强度预测模型。研究结果表明:混凝土碳化引起黏结界面剪切裂缝分布形式的改变;混凝土碳化后强度和弹性模量均有所增强,在黏结界面间形成一个局部强化区域,剪切裂缝由原来的界面裂缝逐渐向老混凝土内部转移,扩展至碳化强化区与未碳化区交界面;混凝土碳化使得黏结界面抗剪强度增强,碳化初期,黏结界面抗剪强度增长迅速,达到一定碳化深度后,其增长幅度变小;黏结界面抗剪强度与新老混凝土的强度、界面处理方式等也密切相关,对于Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类界面,一定范围内增大新混凝土强度对于提高界面抗剪强度具有积极作用;当新老混凝土强度相差超过2个标号时,继续提高新混凝土强度作用不大;Ⅲ类界面植筋能有效提高抗剪强度,且其抗剪强度由较低强度混凝土控制。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to