盾构隧道纵缝接头极限状态试验研究

纵缝接头对盾构隧道衬砌结构的变形和内力起控制作用,且不同受力状态下的盾构隧道接头的力学性能差异较大。基于1:1的纵缝接头正、负弯矩荷载试验,通过加载接头至极限破坏,获得了纵缝接头在轴力和弯矩共同作用下的接缝张开、接头挠度、螺栓和管片混凝土的应变。根据连接螺栓、密封垫和管片混凝土的工作状态,确定了纵缝接头的使用状态极限;根据接头最终破坏的变形和承载状态,确定了纵缝接头的承载能力极限。最后,在对比试验结果与设计结果的基础上,研究了现行安全系数设计方法的安全储备。     

硫酸盐侵蚀后地铁盾构隧道纵缝接头抗弯力学模型

基于地铁盾构隧道混凝土被硫酸盐侵蚀实际工况,建立了能够考虑接缝细部构造、表面混凝土及螺栓等且接缝截面可离散为不同类型受压区的纵缝接头正弯矩力学模型。采用全积分形式进行混凝土本构关系运算,适用分析混凝土被硫酸盐侵蚀后接缝面混凝土压碎、螺栓屈服以及接头极限状态。结合数值计算进行对比分析,两者结果基本一致,验证了力学模型合理性。研究结果表明:正弯矩作用下,混凝土被硫酸盐侵蚀对纵缝接头力学性能的影响主要表现在外表面边缘混凝土接触之后。随着硫酸盐侵蚀时间的增长,纵缝接头极限弯矩不断减少,但减幅较为平均。同时,各变形量最大值也随着侵蚀时间的增长而减小,但减幅各自不同。随着硫酸盐侵蚀厚度的增大,纵缝接头极限弯矩及各变形量最大值均不断减少,且减幅不断增大。     

先简支后连续混凝土梁负弯矩区UHPC “T形”湿接缝试验研究

为了提高普通混凝土连续梁负弯矩区湿接缝的抗裂性能,简化施工工艺,提出了混凝土梁桥负弯矩区UHPC新型湿接缝方案.以某跨径为30 m的普通混凝土连续梁桥为背景,根据法国UHPC结构设计规程和《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》(JTG3362-2018)对该桥进行正常使用极限状态下的配筋设计,并参照配筋设计结果对UHPC新型湿接缝构造进行1∶2缩尺模型试验研究.试验结果表明:取消负弯矩区预应力束、取消焊接的负弯矩区UHPC新型湿接缝方案的抗裂性能和承载能力均满足工程要求,且试验值与数值模拟值拟合良好;UHPC的引入能有效限制普通混凝土的裂缝宽度,显著提高普通混凝土截面的刚度,改善混凝土连续梁跨中区的内力及竖向挠度的重分布现象.与不考虑负弯矩预应力束的传统湿接缝构造相比,UHPC新型接缝构造能降低混凝土连续梁内力及跨中竖向挠度的重分布系数至其30％～50％.参数分析表明:对于负弯矩区采用UHPC新型湿接缝构造的混凝土连续梁桥,UHPC沿纵桥向的长度宜取0.27倍计算跨径,负弯矩区纵向受拉主筋直径可统一为20 mm,UHPC层的厚度取60 mm即可.     

通用管片接头荷载试验研究

隧道衬砌圆环接头对管片的整体刚度、强度和防水等起着控制作用,同时也是管片整体结构的薄弱处.采用直接头形式对衬砌接头进行正、负弯矩荷载试验,得到隧道管片通缝和错缝拼装情况下接头的抗弯性能M-θ曲线、接头转角及张开量等,研究通用管片接头的抗弯能力和刚度系数,验证了设计的可靠性.     

盾构隧道双层衬砌结构弯矩分配的解析模型

考虑盾构隧道双层衬砌结构中二次衬砌的结构性功能,研究盾构隧道双层衬砌结构弯矩分配特性,推导了弯矩分配比例的解析表达式。并采用有限元方法数值模拟了盾构隧道双层衬砌结构3个典型的例子,将解析解与有限元数值模拟结果相比较,验证了所推导解析解的正确性。研究表明,二次衬砌混凝土的所分担总弯矩与初次衬砌管片所分担总弯矩的比,近似等于各自截面惯性矩的比。在常规设计的双层衬砌厚度条件下(管片厚度h_1=0.5m,二次衬砌混凝土厚度h_2=0.2m),初次衬砌管片所分担总弯矩94%以上,而二次衬砌混凝土所分担总的弯矩仅仅占6%以下,二次衬砌对结构的承载能力贡献较小。     

体外预应力UHPC节段梁抗弯性能试验研究

为研究体外预应力胶接缝UHPC节段梁的抗弯性能,完成了3根体外预应力UHPC梁的四点弯曲模型试验,包括一根整体梁和两根节段梁,获得了试件的破坏模式、荷载-挠度曲线和接缝张开情况等主要试验结果,胶接缝UHPC节段梁由环氧树脂胶层破坏导致接缝张开,与胶接缝NC节段梁由接缝附近NC破坏导致有所不同. 考虑截面预压应力和环氧树脂弯拉强度的作用,提出了胶接缝UHPC节段梁的接缝张开弯矩计算公式,计算结果与试验结果误差小于1%,吻合良好. 为准确计算体外预应力UHPC节段梁的抗弯承载能力,将UHPC节段梁的各节段简化为杆、接缝简化为弹簧铰,提出了杆-弹簧铰简化模型. 基于该模型,采用解析法推导了体外预应力筋的应力变化和二次效应的计算公式,预应力筋应力的理论值与试验值误差小于2.3%,吻合良好. 考虑到节段梁接缝张开的不确定性,提出了抗弯承载能力域的概念,即不同接缝张开情况下结构抗弯承载能力的包络范围,抗弯承载能力域的下限值与试验值误差小于6%,建议以下限值作为结构抗弯承载能力的参考值. 上述方法可丰富体外预应力胶接缝UHPC节段梁接缝张开弯矩和结构抗弯承载能力的计算理论.     

考虑围岩蠕变特性的南京过江隧道变形规律预测分析

大型水下隧道由于渗漏水风险大、安全控制难,常采用掘进机开挖法施工,并采用管片拼装式结构;接缝众多的管片拼装式衬砌结构变形破坏机理与预测,成为水下隧道设计和安全控制的难点.依托南京市某过江隧道,基于黏弹塑性理论,采用广义指数型应变率蠕变模型,建立了考虑围岩渐进破坏过程的管片拼装式衬砌结构隧道施工全过程三维数值模拟模型,系统分析了接头缺陷位置、接头缺陷程度、掘进力、围岩压力、围岩蠕变性对隧道变形的影响规律,揭示了含管片拼装初始缺陷的水下隧道衬砌结构变形的时空效应.该过江隧道衬砌结构最大拉应力、水平位移及竖向位移的影响因素及其敏感度等级：初始应力>掘进压力>缺陷位置>缺陷程度.大型管片拼装式水下隧道变形安全影响因素及规律复杂,特别是掘进推力、初始应力场、围岩蠕变性之间不存在单一变化规律,建议具体工程应进行具体分析.     

不同埋深下大直径盾构隧道横向刚度有效率

盾构隧道衬砌结构整体性能受到纵缝及环缝接头不连续性的影响,接头受力状态随埋深变化发生改变,其刚度也将发生变化,进而引起结构整体刚度的改变,对于大直径深埋盾构隧道这一影响更为突出.基于该问题,以上海沿江通道越江隧道典型衬砌结构为例,采用横向变形等效原则,参考管片接头结构试验结果,研究大直径盾构隧道横向等效刚度随埋深而变化的规律,并考察了地基刚度与错缝拼装对于计算结果的影响.结果表明,大直径盾构隧道的横向刚度有效率与埋深有较大关联,覆土较浅时变化规律相对复杂,覆土厚度超过1.0倍直径后随埋深整体上呈现先递增而后递减的趋势,在埋深达到2.0倍直径后由于地层成拱效应不再继续降低,上述规律还受到地层条件的影响.研究成果对于大直径盾构隧道的设计与计算具有一定的参考价值.     

纵向裂缝对隧道钢筋混凝土衬砌结构影响的试验

基于荷载 结构模型,开展了钢筋混凝土衬砌的加载试验.通过分析钢筋混凝土衬砌加载过程中结构的变形和裂缝展开规律,获得了纵向裂缝深度与结构转动刚度的关系曲线,提出了单一裂缝情况下钢筋混凝土衬砌的计算模型.该模型根据连接弹簧单元来模拟衬砌裂缝,弹簧单元的参数根据衬砌结构试验结果和理论分析确定.通过该模型得到的承载安全系数可以评价带裂缝衬砌是否需要进一步加固,对实际隧道工程具有指导意义.     

下穿黄河盾构隧道管片衬砌结构受力特征模型试验

针对兰州地铁穿河段盾构隧道穿越强透水砂卵石地层和承受较高外水压的特点,首先研制了外水压加载装置,该装置在衬砌模型内部创造了一个封闭的负压环境,通过控制模型内外气压差来实现外水压的等效加载,同时结合隧道-地层复合模拟试验系统开展了几何相似比为1∶10的室内模型加载试验,实现了土压和水压的分别控制加载.研究了水压、土压、土体侧压力系数及拼装方式对管片受力特征的影响.研究结果表明,随着水压的增大,管片轴力明显提高,弯矩略有减小,偏心距则明显降低;随着隧道上覆土压的增大,管片衬砌结构的轴力、弯矩、偏心距均呈增大趋势,但总体上量值变化较小;在水压一定时,覆土厚度的增加对管片弯矩的影响越来越大,而轴力变化速率均比较稳定;正常水压条件下,随着土体侧压力系数的增大,管片衬砌结构的轴力增大,弯矩减小,偏心距减小,随着水压的增大,侧压力系数对于管片结构受力特征的影响越来越小;错缝拼装情况下,管片内力在部分环向及纵向接头处会产生较大突变,且管片内力较通缝拼装情况大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.