小鲵科动物Cytb基因密码子偏好性分析

利用Mobyle在线工具的CUSP程序以及CodonW、Cluster3.0软件对NCBI数据库中16种小鲵科动物的细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cytb)基因密码子偏好性进行了分析,并探讨密码子偏好性对系统发育分析的影响。结果表明:16种小鲵科动物Cytb基因的有效密码子数范围为34.45~47.18,平均值为41.01,该基因有密码子使用偏好。该基因在组成上偏好使用以A或T碱基结尾的密码子。通过计算各物种每个密码子的同义密码子相对使用度值并做密码子和物种的分层聚类发现,在不同属间密码子使用的模式明显不同。基于Cytb基因密码子偏好性的物种聚类结果与基于Cytb基因序列构建的最大似然法和贝叶斯系统发育树结果不完全一致。     

41条牦牛CDS序列的密码子偏好性分析

密码子简并性特征造成了不同物种密码子使用偏好性不同．在对牦牛功能基因组学研究的基础上，利用EMBOSS中的CUSP程序、SMS2中的Codon Usage程序和软件CodonW对牦牛功能基因的41条CDS序列进行了密码子偏好性的分析，并与人、普通牛、猪等物种进行了比较基因组学研究．结果显示：TTC、TTG、CTC、CTG、ATT、GGA、GGG等27个密码子为牦牛的偏好性密码子．研究结果为以后进一步开展牦牛新基因的发现、功能基因表达调控研究，蛋白质结构和功能的预测以、与其他牛种的比较基因组学研究以及牦牛分子标记育种等工作，提供了理论基础．     

3个茶树品种WOX基因家族的进化及密码子偏好性比较

【目的】WOX基因家族在模式植物组织培养中扮演着重要的分子调控角色。非模式植物WOX基因家族的系统发育和密码子使用偏好性研究有助于探索遗传进化规律和基因表达特征,进而为其转基因体系构建提供指导。【方法】利用生物信息学方法在3个茶树品种全基因组数据中鉴定WOX基因;通过ClustalX 2.1和MEGA X软件探索它们的进化规律。运用Perl语言、Codon W 1.4.2程序和SPSS 23.0等软件分析3个茶树品种WOX基因编码序列,探究它们的密码子使用偏好模式;基于ENc-GC_3s、PR2分析和中性分析结果解析影响密码子偏好的主要因素。【结果】共鉴定出42个WOX成员,其中‘云抗10号’(CSA)11个,‘舒茶早’(CSS)18个,‘云南野生古茶DASZ’(DASZ)13个,系统发育揭示3个茶树品种WOX基因在进化上存在较强的保守性。密码子偏好性分析揭示,3个茶树品种WOX基因密码子都偏好使用A/T和以A/T结尾;CSA和DASZ的WOX基因密码子使用模式相似,表明两者亲缘关系较近;以CSA和CSS作为转基因受体时,3个茶树品种WOX基因中个别密码子需优化;烟草是3个茶树品种WOX基因的最佳异源表达受体;ENc-GC_3s绘图、PR2分析和中性分析表明自然选择是影响3个茶树品种WOX基因密码子使用偏倚的主要因素。【结论】3个茶树品种WOX基因进化上较保守,密码子偏好使用A/T和以A/T结尾,且密码子偏好原因主要是自然选择;揭示出转茶树时密码子的优化信息和烟草为最佳异源表达受体的结果。     

水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)两条MADS-box基因的克隆与分析

MADS-box转录因子,作为一个大的基因家族,在植物生长发育过程中起重要作用,尤其是作为开花植物花器官形成的主要调控者.该基因家族在揭示进化方面也有着重大意义.为了探究MADS-box基因的进化,需要更多的非开花植物中MADS-box基因的信息.选取水蕨(Ceratopteris thalictroides)作为材料,用RACE方法对其MADS-box基因进行克隆与分析.在水蕨中克隆得到两条MADS-box基因,分别命名为CtMADS1和CtMADS2.分析显示:CtMADS1属于MIKC*分支,而CtMADS2属于MIKCc分支,水蕨的这2条MADS-box基因与开花植物的MADS-box基因有着很近的亲缘关系,现在维管植物最近的共同祖先中至少存在2条不同的花同源异形基因,即MADS-box基因.     

基于叶绿体基因组序列对50种菊科植物亲缘关系分析

菊科为双子叶植物纲的第一大科,其科内等级划分和系统学研究存在巨大挑战。叶绿体基因组具有高度的保守性和较慢的进化速率,其在植物系统发育和物种进化研究中应用广泛。对菊科20个属50种植物叶绿体基因组序列进行亲缘关系分析,基于叶绿体基因组编码序列(coding sequence, CDS)、rbcL基因序列、rbcL+matK基因序列分别构建系统发育树,并对其中8个物种进行密码子偏好性分析和IR(Inverted Repeat)边界分析。比较3种方法构建的系统发育树,发现利用单个基因序列或两个基因序列构建的系统发育树与CDS序列构建的系统发育树在属间结果不一致,且CDS构建的系统发育树自展支持率高于其余两种,表明基于单基因序列或基因串联序列适用于属内物种的研究,而CDS序列适用于属间物种的研究。密码子偏好性研究显示选取的8个物种都对A/U结尾的密码子有偏好性。边界序列分析结果显示4个物种菊科植物的IR边界序列ycfI基因有缺失。研究结果为菊科植物的遗传进化和系统发育研究提供了理论支撑。     

玉米同义密码子分析

利用现有的玉米基因组数据库数据,使用Codon w软件对筛选得到的29657个有效基因进行同义密码子使用的多变量分析.结果表明:在玉米中发现23个最优密码子,并且密码子第3位碱基呈现出明显的GC偏性.表明基因的GC含量直接影响玉米的密码子使用频率,同时片段长度越短,其最优密码子的使用频率越高.23个最优密码子的确定对玉米的基因改造和基因育种提供了重要的参考依据.     

不同基因组中同义密码子重复序列的分析与比较

以闪烁古生球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、酵母、线虫和拟南芥基因组中所有ORF序列为样本,对编码序列中同义密码子重复序列和对应氨基酸重复序列的有关性质进行了分析.结果显示同义密码子重复序列中密码子的使用与全部编码序列的密码子使用有明显的差别,部分密码子的使用随着重复长度的增加,偏置增大.相同密码子2联体在同义密码子4和5联体中的位置明显偏好两端.同时给出了各密码子的联体能力,讨论了联体能力的大小与密码子碱基构成的关系.对于氨基酸重复序列,氨基酸重复片段数的对数随重复长度分布呈对数下降.重复序列中氨基酸的含量与全序列氨基酸的含量有显著差别,有些氨基酸随着重复长度的增加其含量偏置增大.亲水、小体积和非极性氨基酸容易形成长的联体,疏水、极性和大体积氨基酸形成的最大联体长度较短.最后,对6种模式生物进行了比较,讨论了上述结果与生物进化的关系.     

13种哺乳动物OTR密码子使用偏性及其聚类分析

目的研究13种哺乳动物催产素受体基因(OTR)密码子使用偏性,并探讨其影响因素;通过对偏性情况进行聚类分析,研究其与系统发育的关系.方法计算RSCU,CBI,ENC等密码子偏性指标,与可能的几种影响因素做相关性分析,采用SPASS 15.0软件,以相对同义密码子使用度为变量对偏性情况进行聚类分析.结果与结论 1)CUG,GUG,GCC,UUC,AUC,CGC为哺乳动物OTR使用频率较高的密码子;2)密码子第3位碱基的GC含量是影响哺乳动物OTR密码子偏性的主要因素,基因的GC含量次之,而芳香族氨基酸的含量和蛋白疏水水平对其密码子使用偏性的影响不大;3)对于功能相同的基因,亲缘关系相近的物种密码子使用偏性指标较接近,但某些物种仍有一定差异.     

周氏啮小蜂气味结合蛋白Ⅰ基因的进化分析

为了解周氏啮小蜂的嗅觉分子机制,从其触角中分离出一种气味结合蛋白I,根据转录数据得到该蛋白的基因CcOBP1,通过构建系统发育树和分析密码子偏好性等研究该基因的进化关系.结果表明:周氏啮小蜂的CcOBP1基因长度为378 bp,编码125个氨基酸,预测蛋白含有信号肽,位于第17位和第18位氨基酸之间.CcOBP1 22条同源基因的平均Ka/Ks值为0.499 781,主要接受负选择.基于系统发育树的结果可知,周氏啮小蜂的CcOBP1蛋白与一些寄主广泛的寄生蜂(丽蝇蛹集金小蜂和多胚跳小蜂)的气味结合蛋白亲缘关系密切,与寄主单一的对叶榕传粉榕小蜂亲缘关系较远.比较周氏啮小蜂与10种昆虫CcOBP1基因11条序列密码子的偏好性和同义分异,发现周氏啮小蜂的G+C含量在第3位密码子和编码区较高,即周氏啮小蜂CcOBP1基因的密码子偏好性较高,同义分异也较高.     

SHATTERPROOF MADS-box genes control seed dispersal in Arabidopsis

The fruit, which mediates the maturation and dispersal of seeds, is a complex structure unique to flowering plants. Seed dispersal in plants such as Arabidopsis occurs by a process called fruit dehiscence, or pod shatter. Few studies have focused on identifying genes that regulate this process, in spite of the agronomic value of controlling seed dispersal in crop plants such as canola. Here we show that the closely related SHATTERPROOF (SHP1) and SHATTERPROOF2 (SHP2) MADS-box genes are required for fruit dehiscence in Arabidopsis. Moreover, SHP1 and SHP2 are functionally redundant, as neither single mutant displays a novel phenotype. Our studies of shp1 shp2 fruit, and of plants constitutively expressing SHP1 and SHP2, show that these two genes control dehiscence zone differentiation and promote the lignification of adjacent cells. Our results indicate that further analysis of the molecular events underlying fruit dehiscence may allow genetic manipulation of pod shatter in crop plants.     

Analysis of synonymous codon usage and evolution of begomoviruses

Begomoviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses and cause severe diseases in major crop plants worldwide. Based on current genome sequence analyses, we found that synonymous codon usage variations in the protein-coding genes of begomoviruses are mainly influenced by mutation bias. Base composition analysis suggested that the codon usage bias of AV1 and BV1 genes is significant and their expressions are high. Fourteen codons were determined as translational optimal ones according to the comparison of codon usage patterns between highly and lowly expressed genes. Interestingly the codon usages between begomoviruses from the Old and the New Worlds are apparently different, which supports the idea that the bipartite begomoviruses of the New World might originate from bipartite ones of the Old World, whereas the latter evolve from the Old World monopartite begomoviruses.     

Is there a close relationship between synonymous codon bias and codon-anticodon binding strength in human genes?

Synonymous codon bias has been examined in 78 human genes (19967 codons) and measured by relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU). Relative frequencies of all kinds of dinucleotides in 2,3 or 3,4 codon positions have been calculated, and codon-anticodon binding strength has been estimated by the stacking energies of codon-anticodon bases in Watson-Crick pairs. The data show common features in synonymous codon bias for all codon families in human genes: all C-ending codons, which possess the strongest codon-anticodon binding energies, are the most favored codons in almost all codon families, and those codons with medium codon-anticodon binding energies are avoided. Data analysis suggests that besides isochore and genome signature , codon-anticodon binding strength may be closely related to synonymous codon choice in human genes. The join-effect of these factors on human genes results in the common features in codon bias.     

Exploring Codon Usage Patterns of Alternatively Spliced Genes in Human Chromosome 1

Introduction A large number of species (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) have been used to study the pattern of codon usage bias, and it has also been demonstrated that inter- and intra-genomic variation of the pattern of codon usage is a widespread phenomenon, which may result from various factors. Alternative synonymous codon usage does not modify the amino acid sequence encoded in DNA among species and often among genes from the same genome. It has been suggested that the pattern of codon usag…     

B and C floral organ identity functions require SEPALLATA MADS-box genes

Abnormal flowers have been recognized for thousands of years, but only in the past decade have the mysteries of flower development begun to unfold. Among these mysteries is the differentiation of four distinct organ types (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels), each of which may be a modified leaf. A landmark accomplishment in plant developmental biology is the ABC model of flower organ identity. This simple model provides a conceptual framework for explaining how the individual and combined activities of the ABC genes produce the four organ types of the typical eudicot flower. Here we show that the activities of the B and C organ-identity genes require the activities of three closely related and functionally redundant MADS-box genes, SEPALLATA1/2/3 (SEP1/2/3). Triple mutant Arabidopsis plants lacking the activity of all three SEP genes produce flowers in which all organs develop as sepals. Thus SEP1/2/3 are a class of organ-identity genes that is required for development of petals, stamens and carpels.     

分析伯氏疏螺旋体密码子使用的倾向性

本文采用非线性映射的方法分析伯氏疏螺旋体前导链和后随链上的基因结构，发现基因分布存在明显的差异，同义密码子的使用亦具有明显的倾向性．此外，高表达基因分布具有不对称性，其同义密码子使用与其它基因亦有不同，这表明原核生物基因组复制起始点两侧的碱基分布及翻译机制均影响基因的密码子使用．     

Characterization of codon usage bias in the dUTPase gene of duck enteritis virus

A comparative analysis of the codon usage bias in the newly discovered dUTPase gene （Assigned Accession No.： DQ486149） of the duck enteritis virus （DEV） and the dUTPase gene of 32 reference herpesviruses was performed. The results indicated that the DEV dUTPase gene encodes a protein of 477 amino acids, which includes five conserved motifs with a 3-1-2-4-5 arrangement. The codon adaptation index （CAI）, effective number of codons （ENC）, and GC3s values indicated synonymous codon usage bias in the dUTPase gene of herpesviruses, and this synonymous bias was correlated with host evolution. The codon usage patterns of the DEV dUTPase gene were phylogenetically conserved and similar to that of the dUTPase genes of the avian alphaherpesvirus. Although codon usage in each microorganism was different, there were no strain-specific differences among them. Sixty-one codons in the predicted polypeptide, with a strong bias towards A and T at the third codon position, were used. Comparison of the codon usage in the dUTPase gene of different organisms revealed that there were 19 codons showing distinct codon usage differences between the DEV and Escherichia coli dUTPase genes; 16 between the DEV and yeast dUTPase genes; and 15 between the DEV and human dUTPase genes. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） showed significant differences between the DEV and yeast dUTPase genes （r = 0.536, P 〈 0.01）. The extent of codon usage bias in the DEV dUTPase gene was highly correlated with the gene expression level, therefore the results may provide useful information for gene classification and functional studies.