微波合成羧甲基壳聚糖

介绍了在微波条件下，以氯乙酸为改性剂制备羧甲基壳聚糖。探讨了反应时间、投料比和多次羧化等工艺条件对壳聚糖羧甲基化程度及产物收率的影响，并对产物进行了红外光谱分析。确定了制备羧甲基壳聚糖的最佳反应条件：氨基葡萄糖单元：氢氧化钠：氯乙酸=1：20：12(摩尔比)，氨基葡萄糖单元：异丙醇=1：40(摩尔比)，w碱=0．45，碱化温度为30℃，碱化时间为1h，羧化时间为30min，羧甲基壳聚糖取代度和收率分别达到0．95和95％。研究了多次羧甲基化反应对羧甲基壳聚糖取代度的影响，其取代度可进一步提高到1．70。     

溶剂法制备高取代度马铃薯羧甲基淀粉的研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,乙醇为溶剂,用溶剂法制备高取代度羧甲基淀粉。应用正交设计法研究了影响淀粉羧甲基化反应的各种因素,确定了制取高取代度（DS＆gt;1.3）羧甲基淀粉制的反应条件是：醚化温度50℃,醚化时间120min,原料最佳摩尔比：n（淀粉）：n（氯乙酸）=1：3,n（氢氧化钠）：n（氯乙酸）=2.5：1。     

羧甲基淀粉醚的合成工艺与性能研究

通过正交实验考察了淀粉羧甲基化反应中影响取代度的各种因素，在确定的最佳反应条件下，可以制备取代度为0．92的羧甲基淀粉醚。红外光谱和扫描电镜对所制备的羟甲基淀粉进行的结构确认和形貌结果表明：玉米淀粉即使以颗粒形态参与反应，羧甲基化反应也可在淀粉颗粒内部进行；对照海藻酸钠对其粘度性能进行的测试结果表明：CMS糊液较涨藻酸钠湖液抗酸碱性、抗重金属离子、抗稀释性能和储藏稳定性好；质量分数为4％CMS糊液同质量分数为4％海藻酸钠糊液相比，其粘度受剪切应力的影响较大，属假塑性流体。     

甲壳素衍生物的制备及其性质

本文介绍了通过羧甲基化反应制备水溶性羧甲基化甲壳素衍生物的实验，并对其性能进行了比较．可溶性羧甲基化甲壳素衍生物在生产中有着广泛的用途．     

羧甲基决明子多糖的制备及表征

以决明子多糖(CTG)为原料,氯乙酸(MCA)为羧甲基化醚化剂,异丙醇水溶液为分散剂,制备了高取代度羧甲基决明子多糖。研究了氯乙酸用量、固液比、碱化时间及温度、醚化时间及温度对产品取代度的影响。实验结果表明:n(MCA)/n(CTG)=1.6∶1,固液比为1∶2.5,碱化温度为40℃,碱化时间为60min,醚化温度为53℃,醚化时间为3.0h时,产品的取代度最高为0.64,羧甲基利用率为79.5%。与原粉相比,羧甲基决明子多糖溶液稳定时间更长,6天内黏度变化不大,耐电解质性良好。采用FTIR,13C-NMR和TGA对羧甲基决明子多糖的结构和热性能进行了分析。     

高取代度羧甲基淀粉醚合成实验条件的探讨

通过正交实验考察了影响羧甲基淀粉醚取代度的各种因素及其相互作用,并初步探讨了各种因素对淀粉羧甲基化反应机理的影响。在淀粉的羧甲基化反应中,丝化反应起非常重要的作用,应采取一定措施提高丝化反应的转化率。在所确定的最佳反应条件下,能制备取代度为１．１０的羧甲基淀粉醚。     

相转移催化法制备羧甲基壳聚糖

用相转移催化剂制备羧甲基壳聚糖，研究了反应时间，温度，碱浓度和投料比等工艺条件对羧甲基化程度及产物收率的影响，结果表明，使用相转移催化剂，反应时间缩短到3h，羧甲基壳聚糖取代度和收率分别达到0.92和84.42%。     

医用棉纱布的羧甲基化改性

采用两步加碱水媒法,并通过浸轧的方式对医用棉纱布进行羧甲基化改性,制备高吸水性医用敷料。考察了烧碱浓度、烧碱与氯乙酸的配比对样品的取代度、吸水性、透气性和力学性能的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。结果表明:随着第一步烧碱浓度和第二步烧碱与氯乙酸的摩尔比的增加,羧甲基化医用棉纱布的取代度和吸水性均呈现明显的上升趋势。当第一步加碱的烧碱浓度为20%,烧碱与氯乙酸的摩尔比为2.7:1时,样品的拉伸断裂强力及伸长率上升到最大值,羧甲基化医用棉纱布表现出良好的柔韧性,同时也具有较好的透气性。此时,样品的取代度为0.17,吸水率达到170.98%,纱布表面形成了均匀有效的水凝胶保护层。     

怀山药多糖的羧甲基化修饰及保润性能

为了研究山药多糖及其羧甲基化衍生物的结构和保润性能,采用碱提醇沉法从怀山药中提取山药多糖,然后对山药多糖进行羧甲基化修饰。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和尺寸排阻色谱-多角度激光光散射-示差折光(SEC-MALLS-RI)法,对山药多糖羧甲基化衍生物结构进行表征。测定了山药多糖及其衍生物对烟丝的保润性能。研究结果表明:山药多糖的提取率为4.2%(质量分数),羧甲基化山药多糖的取代度为0.37。山药多糖的质均相对分子质量为6.6×10~4。低相对湿度条件下平衡水分48 h后,添加了5%羧甲基化山药多糖比添加了5%山药多糖的烟丝含水率降幅低了14.83%。羧甲基化山药多糖添加到卷烟中可以柔和烟气,提高抽吸舒适度,并降低刺激性。     

用FTIR测定羧酰化壳聚糖和氰乙基壳聚糖的取代度

从壳聚糖（脱乙酰度分别为84％和70％）合成不同取代度的羧酰化壳聚糖和氰乙基壳糖作为标样，标样的取代度（DS）由NMR或元素分析确定，研究以FTIR作为工具测定这两个系列衍生物的取代度的方法，吸光度用基线法得到，对所有不同探针谱带，参比谱带和基线作图法的组合进行比较，并通过（A探针／A参比）／DS的平均相对偏差评价每种组合的优劣。结果表明，羧酰化过聚糖，最合适的A探针／A参比是A1740／A1527；对氰乙基壳聚糖，最合适的A探针／A参比是A2249／A1590。前者不仅适用于不同取代度的同一种O－羧酰化壳聚糖（如丙酰化过聚糖）而且适用于不同取代度且不同碳数的4个O－脂肪酸羧酰基取代的壳聚糖样品，这两种组合的工作曲线的斜率分别为2．1（对A1740BL1／A1527BL1），0．59（对A2249／A1590BL1）和0．66（对A2249／A1590BL）。实验还表明，不同的基线作法对结果影响甚小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.