电动汽车能量管理系统的研究

针对电动客车行驶工况对能量的需求,对动力电池和超级电容器电动客车的能量管理系统的控制策略进行了研究.采用模糊控制理论建立了控制策略模型,并用Matlab Simulink编程实现了该仿真系统.仿真结果表明:采用速度控制策略和电流约束控制策略后,在相同条件下车辆的动力性能得到了提高,可避免动力电池的过电流充放电.对安装了超级电容器和未安装超级电容器的电动客车分别在市区和市郊循环工况下计算平均比能耗.结果表明:超级电容器在市区循环中能够降低能耗.通过对电动低地板公交客车场地试验,验证了仿真得出的结论.     

电动汽车制动能量回馈技术研究

制动能量回馈可实现能源再利用,有效提升电动汽车续驶里程。所以,制动能量回馈技术是电动汽车研发的关键技术之一。能量回馈效率最大化是制动能量回馈技术研究的重点,而制动能量回馈系统结构设计及控制策略是影响能量回馈效率的重要因素。基于此,首先给出了蓄电池、飞轮、超导、超级电容器和混合储能等电动汽车制动能量回馈系统常用储能技术的优缺点及其最新应用。而且,分析了几种典型的制动能量回馈系统及控制方法。其次,重点分析了几种常见的制动能量回馈控制策略。最后,提出了一种新型的电动汽车制动能量回馈系统,并分析了该系统的结构组成及其控制方法。     

电动汽车制动能量回馈技术

制动能量回馈可实现能源再利用,有效提升电动汽车续驶里程。所以,制动能量回馈技术是电动汽车研发的关键技术之一。能量回馈效率最大化是制动能量回馈技术研究的重点,而制动能量回馈系统结构设计及控制策略是影响能量回馈效率的重要因素。基于此,首先给出了蓄电池、飞轮、超导、超级电容器和混合储能等电动汽车制动能量回馈系统常用储能技术的优缺点及其最新应用。而且,分析了几种典型的制动能量回馈系统及控制方法。其次,重点分析了几种常见的制动能量回馈控制策略。最后,提出了一种新型的电动汽车制动能量回馈系统,并分析了该系统的结构组成及其控制方法。     

回馈制动电机在电动自行车中的应用

本文旨在应用电机回馈制动原理提高电动自行车的续航里程。电动自行车上装设的回馈制动系统主要由电动机系统、升压斩波电路、蓄电池系统、控制系统4个部分组成。控制系统负责输入外界信号,由升压斩波电路完成驱动与制动两种工作状态的转换。驱动状态时,电机作为电动机,蓄电池提供电能;制动状态时,电机作为发电机,蓄电池吸收动能。电动自行车回馈制动系统可有效利用自行车刹车时的残余动能,不仅节约能耗,还提高了电动自行车行驶的安全性。     

异步机运行状态的研究

鼠笼式异步电动机是机械能和电能的转换装置.作为电动机运行时,异步电动机从电网吸取电能.定子的输入功率扣除本身的铜损和铁损后完全转变为转子所发生的机械功率(扣除机械损耗).作为发电机运行时,能量转换过程与电动机运行相反,电机把输入的机械能转变为电能向电网输送.电机制动运行时(若采用反接制动法),使旋转磁场反转,产生一个与转子转动方向相反的电磁转矩.这时转子中的电流方向仍和电动     

变频器电容反馈制动优越性的探讨

在通用变频器、异步电动机和机械负载所组成的变频调速传统系统中,当电动机所传动的位能负载下放时,电动机将可能处于再生发电制动状态;或当电动机从高速到低速(含停车)减速时,频率可以突减,但因电机的机械惯性,电机可能处于再生发电状态,传动系统中所储存的机械经电动机转换成电能,通过逆变器的六个续流二极管回送到变频器的直流回路中.此时的逆变器处于整流状态.这时,如果变频器中没采取消耗能量的措施,这部分能量将导致中间回路的储能电容器的电压上升.如果当制动过快或机械负载为提升机类时,这部分能量就可能对变频器带来损坏,所以这部分能量我们就应该考虑考虑了.     

三相异步电动机制动方法及计算

三相异步电动机有两种运行状态,一种是电动运行状态;另一种是制动运行状态.而电动机的制动方法有机械制动和电磁制动两种,主要介绍了电磁制动的方法及有关计算.     

纯电动客车超级电容储能系统研究与计算界面设计

为使纯电动客车超级电容储能系统尽可能多地储存制动过程中回收的能量,基于能量约束法提出了满足整车性能和储能要求的超级电容储能系统单体电池连接方法,并通过Matlab/GUI开发了超级电容储能系统设计界面.实车测试表明,利用此方法得到的单体电池连接方式可满足目标要求.     

基于信号分析的纯电动客车失效调查方法

针对传统纯电动客车失效调查方法无法准确阐明客车失效与"三电"系统主要故障间关联特性的问题,提出了基于信号分析的纯电动客车失效调查方法.在掌握纯电动客车运行过程中主要失效类型及"三电"系统主要故障的基础上,初步建立了不同失效类型与电动机、电池以及电控系统主要故障间存在的因果关系.为进一步明确系统故障点,构建了包含"三电"系统的纯电动客车整车模型,通过设置"三电"系统主要故障,模拟纯电动客车的人为失效,在此基础上针对系统易测信号进行分析,揭示系统不同故障的典型信号特征,从而明确纯电动客车不同失效类型与电动机、电池以及电控系统故障间存在的内在关联特性,最终形成纯电动客车失效调查方法.结果表明:所提出的纯电动客车失效调查方法能够有效揭示动力丢失、起火以及失控等客车失效类型与"三电"系统主要故障间存在的对应关系.     

基于滑移率试探的电动车辆制动控制策略

分析了电驱动车辆制动控制中能量回馈与制动稳定性之间的矛盾,提出了一种兼顾制动回馈控制及车轮防抱死控制的基于滑移率试探的电动汽车制动控制策略.在制动过程中根据滑移率是否在稳定区域,实时控制电机制动力与液压制动力,在保证制动稳定性的同时提高制动能量回收能力.该控制策略不依赖于路面辨识、制动力估计等复杂算法.在不同制动工况下的仿真结果表明: 采用该策略能获得接近最优的制动回馈效率,并在大制动力工况中实现了车轮的防抱死控制.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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