冀东遵化新太古代蛇绿混杂岩带岩石学与构造特征——古板块构造运动的证据

在遵化北部,有大量的基性岩超基性岩构造透镜体,包括变质辉绿岩（斜长角闪岩）、层状辉长岩、堆积杂岩、地幔橄榄岩等散布在新太古代片麻岩中。这些岩石组合与现代蛇绿岩套一致,和强烈剪切变形的片麻岩一起构成典型的蛇绿岩混杂岩。蛇绿岩套中的豆荚状铬铁矿提供了中国存在新太古代蛇绿岩的确切证据。遵化新太古代蛇绿混杂岩带的发现,证明25亿年以前板块构造运动已经出现。     

新太古代大洋岩石圈地幔的显微变形探讨——以遵化蛇绿混杂岩带为例

遵化新太古代蛇绿混杂岩中的地幔岩显微构造以粗粒镶嵌构造为主,矿物颗粒多以弧形边界紧密镶嵌,部分岩石出现粒间熔体.橄榄石出现残斑构造、动态重结晶和拉长变形,铬铁矿出现典型的高温拉分构造,表现出活跃的动态恢复、粒间滑移和扩散蠕变,显示出大洋上地幔高温条件下塑性流变的特征,是大洋板块侧向扩张的深部表现.遵化蛇绿岩的地幔岩除了具有强烈的构造变形之外,部分豆荚状铬铁矿保留有豆状、豆壳状等岩浆结构和构造,并且有未变形的纯橄岩和辉石岩侵入,说明位于一个岩浆较强烈活动的位置.高温塑性侧向剪切变形和强烈的岩浆活动表明遵化蛇绿岩形成于快速扩张的洋脊,类似阿曼蛇绿岩.遵化蛇绿岩的围岩出现石英条带、核幔构造、动态重结晶和云母鱼等显微构造变形,对应着蛇绿岩侵位到陆壳之后,从中部地壳向上地壳抬升的构造运动过程.     

安徽女山幔源橄榄岩捕虏体Re-Os 同位素地球化学

Re-Os同位素体系可以为研究大陆岩石圈地幔形成和演化提供重要制约.女山12个地幔橄榄岩全岩样品测得Re含量为19×10-12~306×10-12,Os含量为0.81×10-9~2.42×10-9,187Os/188Os比值为0.114 90~0.131 02,187Re/188Os比值为0.037~1.517.两个石榴子石-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的Os同位素组成与原始上地幔(PUM)的现代值0.129 6相似,其余的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩,和角闪石、金云母-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩等的Os同位素组成都低于PUM现代值,Os同位素模式年龄为早元古代.实性和隐性地幔交代作用对女山幔源橄榄岩捕虏体的Os同位素组成没有明显影响.橄榄岩捕虏体代表的女山地区岩石圈地幔是元古代岩石圈地幔经过减薄作用后的残留部分.橄榄岩中Re-Os体系扰动是近期事件.     

西藏山南金鲁西蛇绿岩U-Pb同位素年龄及地质意义

西藏山南金鲁西铬铁矿地处雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段,位于雅江铬铜金铂钯成矿带西段,紧邻国内最大的罗布莎铬铁矿区,矿床形成于地幔橄榄岩内,铬铁矿多呈豆荚状、浸染状产于超基性岩体内。金鲁西铬铁矿含矿岩体的成岩年龄为(154.9±2.0)Ma,罗布莎铬铁矿含矿岩体成岩年龄为(162.9±2.8)Ma。通过U-Pb同位素年龄测定,对金鲁西和罗布莎岩体的年龄和成矿背景进行了对比,分析显示两者具有相近的形成时代和相似的构造环境,经历了相似的演化阶段。     

华北板块北缘中段新太古代的陆-陆碰撞事件: 来自合教S型花岗岩的证据

通过对内蒙古达茂旗合教地区具有明显构造意义的新太古代S型花岗岩的主量元素、微量元素及SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学的研究, 为揭示华北板块北缘新太古代末的构造环境提供了进一步的证据。合教花岗岩的主量元素特征表明它是高分异的强过铝 S 型花岗岩; 其里特曼指数 σ为0. 54 ～0. 57, 属于低钾钙碱性岩石。稀土元素总量为 243. 8 ～427. 1 μg/ g。球粒陨石标准化分配模式显示 LREE 相对富集, HREE 相对亏损; ( La/ Yb)_N为 14. 88～18. 18, Eu 具有较大的负异常( Eu*/ Eu = 0. 31 ～0. 65); 模式图总体呈一右倾的海鸥型。微量元素显示Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti 等高场强元素相对亏损。合教花岗岩的微量元素组成表明其来源于正常厚度的大陆地壳, 形成于低压高温的后碰撞环境, 相当于澳大利亚拉克伦造山带的S型花岗岩。合教花岗岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为2556±8Ma, 属于新太古代晚期。合教强过铝 S型花岗岩反映在新太古代晚期华北板块北缘中段可能发生了一次陆-陆碰撞事件, 也表明固阳地区同时期的赞岐岩可能形成于后碰撞环境而非板片消减带。     

北祁连直河蛇绿岩的地质和地球化学特征

直河蛇绿岩是在北祁连造山带中新发现的,该蛇绿岩由地幔橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩、玄武岩、硅质岩等组成,以构造岩片为接触关系.蛇绿岩中岩石地球化学特征表明,该蛇绿岩具有大洋拉斑玄武岩的特征,同时具有某些岛弧特征,基性岩类的REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式为平坦型和LREE亏损型,超基性岩为亏损地幔源和富集地幔物质加入的混合成因,稀土分配型式不同于典型洋脊玄武岩,源区为亏损地幔和富集地幔的混合源.北祁连自寒武纪末大陆裂解,完成大陆裂陷向洋盆的转化,至奥陶纪形成沟弧盆体系.直河蛇绿岩属于弧后盆地扩张环境的产物.     

河北高寺台超镁铁岩体中锇矿物的锇同位素组成初步研究

报道了河北高寺台超基性岩体中的等轴锇铱矿和六方铱锇矿的Os同位素组成,两样品的187Os/188Os值分别为0.123 582±7和0.123 731±7.数据的解释有赖于年龄的和/或源区性质的制约.若已知矿物源区,可由同位素组成制约其形成时代.如上述矿物的锇来自于原始上地幔,其形成时代可能为500±10 Ma;若其源区为亏损的岩石圈地幔,其形成时代可能年轻到晚中生代;若源区为富集的地幔柱,其形成时代可能老到中元古代.反之,若能限定矿物形成时代,则可制约其源区性质.若上述锇矿物形成于印支期,则很可能源于亏损的岩石圈地幔.若它们形成于中元古代,则其源区很可能来源于富集的地幔柱性质的地幔.根据区域地质情况,我们倾向于这些Os来自富集地幔、高寺台岩体形成于中元古代的解释,但进一步解释有待于新的独立证据.尽管如此,这些数据对今后高寺台岩体的成因或年龄研究有参考价值.     

内蒙古索伦山地区地幔橄榄岩中豆荚状铬铁找矿前景

产于内蒙古索伦山缝合带蛇绿岩中的铬铁矿,其深入研究对于铬铁矿的勘查、缓解铬铁矿需求紧张、增加战略矿产资源以及国民经济的发展,意义重大。本文对内蒙古索伦山地区铬铁矿进行了系统的调查和研究,在此基础上,总结了索伦山地区铬铁矿矿床地质特征,探讨了索伦山地区铬铁矿矿床的成因,评价了在索伦山地区铬铁矿找矿远景。索伦山地区铬铁矿均分布于索伦山蛇绿岩之地幔橄榄岩内,矿体产出众多,规模大小不等,均具有成带分布、分段集中的特点。矿体产状与方辉橄榄岩-纯橄榄岩产状基本一致,矿体与围岩为渐变过渡的关系。索伦山地区铬铁矿为产出高镁型矿石类型的豆荚状铬铁矿,形成于早二叠世,产于大洋中脊的构造环境。通过对地幔橄榄岩与铬铁矿的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学研究,表明索伦山地区铬铁矿的成因为熔体-岩石反应。在索伦山地区探明铬铁矿矿化点2个,铬铁矿矿点10个,小型铬铁矿矿床10个。10个已查明的小型铬铁矿矿床表明,地表矿少,盲矿体多。据此推断,已经查明的12个铬铁矿矿(化)点有可能探到更多更大的深部工业盲矿体。索伦山含铬超镁铁岩体规模巨大,延深大于600 m,具备良好的成矿条件,是良好的铬铁矿找矿靶区,具有较好的找矿前景。     

蓬莱与宽甸新生代碱性玄武岩及其深源包体和巨晶矿物的稀土元素

本文应用现代仪器分析方法——质谱同位素稀释法测定了辽宁宽甸和山东蓬莱碱性玄武岩及其深源超镁铁岩包体和巨晶矿物中的稀土元素REE,测定结果用Nakamura数值进行了球粒陨石标准化计算。根据所得REE丰度和分布模式特征,推测了两地区的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩属残渣型地幔岩包体,榴辉岩属原始型地幔岩包体。两地区的镁铝榴石巨晶可能是早期液相线上的产物,后期的变质作用对整个REE没有明显的影响。富铝普通辉石巨晶则是比镁铝榴石较晚期的结晶产物。两地区的碱性玄武岩及其超镁陕岩包体和巨晶矿物在REE丰度和分布模式上十分相似,表明了两地区所处的大地地质构造以及熔融和分异作用的物理化学条件的相似性。     

南极格罗夫山新发现的橄辉无球粒陨石岩石学与矿物化学

介绍南极格罗夫山地区新发现的二块橄辉无球粒陨石的岩石学特征和矿物化学．GRV021512陨石具有典型的橄辉无球粒陨石结构,主要由橄榄石（48．3％）、易变辉石（9．4％）和富碳质填隙物（38．1％）组成．而GRV022931为碎裂斑状结构,橄榄石（19．1％）和易变辉石（14．1％）呈斑晶状分布于富碳质填隙物和蚀变产物（66．3％）中,二块陨石的粗粒橄榄石和易变辉石都具有均匀的核部成分,其成分富FeO,落在橄榄石-易变辉石橄辉无球粒陨石的富铁的亚群（Ⅰ型）中．所有橄榄石沿颗粒边缘和裂隙表现出还原边结构．在富碳质填隙物中石墨呈不规则块状或脉状产出,其中有大量细小的金刚石与之共生．此外,还讨论了二块陨石的岩石成因和金刚石成因．     

Chondritic osmium isotopic composition of late Archean convecting upper mantle：Evidence from Zunhua podiform chromitites,Hebei, North China

The Os isotopic composition and evolution of con-vecting upper mantle (CUM) are an important and diffi-cult scientific issue related to the distributions of PGEs inearth’s interior and the accretion history of the earth. De-termination of 187Os/188Os of modern CUM has been at-tempted via analyses of abyssal peridotites, mid-oceanridge basalts (MORB), MORB glasses and sulfides. Abyssal peridotites, which are mantle samples re-covered from the ocean ridges, represent the upperm…     

Microscopic deformation of the Neoarchean oceanic lithospheric mantle: evidence from the Zunhua Neoarchean ophiolitic mélange, North China Craton

The microstructures of the mantle tectonites in the Zunhua Neoarchean ophiolitic mélange are mainly coarse-mosaic structures with locally interstitial impregnated melts. Olivine and orthopyroxene occur as residual porphyroclastic blasts, dynamic recrystallization neoblasts or elongated to be tabular. The podiform chromitites are mostly strongly deformed with the development of pull-apart structure. These microstructures are typical high-temperature plastic deformation in oceanic upper mantle resulting from ocean-floor spreading. Besides the high-temperature plastic deformation, undeformed magmatic intrusions such as undeformed podiform chromitite, dunite and pyroxenite intrusions are also preserved in the mantle tectonite. Structures of high-temperature plastic deformation and intensive magmatic activity prove that the Zunhua ophiolite was formed under fast spreading oceanic ridge, similar to the Oman ophiolite. And the microstructures of country rocks, such as quartz ribbon, core and mantle structure, dynamic recrystallization and mica-fish stucture, etc., were formed during the uplift of ophiolitic mélange from the mid-crust to the upper-crust associated with continental collision.     

Re-Os isotopic constraint to the age of in komatiites in the Neoarchean Guyang greenstone belt, North China Craton

The 2.5 Ga Guyang greenstone belt is a major lithological unit in the northwestern part of the North China Craton. Komatiites have recently been identified to occur within the lower part of the meta-volcanic sedimentary sequence of the greenstone belt. The biggest komatiite near Guyang has been mapped out, which is 500 m long and 50 m wide lenticular block. Re-Os isotopic compositions of 9 samples were analyzed to date the komatiites. The Os contents are from 0.88 to 2.63 ppb, identical with typical komatiites, and slightly lower than the normal mantle. The ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios are from 0.1115 to 0.1197, which are lower enough to exclude the origin of Phanerozoic magma as widely developed in adjacent areas. The calculated Re depletion model ages (T _RD) are from 1346 to 2454 Ma, among them the oldest age of 2454 Ma gives the minimum evaluation for the formation age of the Guyang komatiite. Therefore, the komatiites are a part of the Guyang greenstone belt, indicating high degree melting of mantle during ～2.5 Ga crustal growth event.     

Os isotopic compositions of a cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust profile in Central Pacific

Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts occur throughout the global ocean on seamounts, ridges, and plateaus where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments for millions of years. Crusts are important as a potential re-source for primarily cobalt, but also for titanium, nickel, REE, PGE, and other elements. Most Co-rich crusts pre-cipitate at water depths of about 1000-3000 m, and are easy to be exploited. Besides the high cobalt contents compared to abyssal Fe-Mn nodules, exploitati…     

Re-Os isotope geochemistry of three Chinese chondrites

Three Chinese ordinary chondrites,including Jilin (H5),Boxian (LL3.8) and Lujiang (LL6),have been studied for their Re and Os abundances and Os isotopic composition in whole-chondrite samples,separated magnetic and nonmagnetic fractions,and nodules. The results indicate that the Re and Os abundances of the whole-chondrite samples are in the ranges of corresponding H-and LL-Groups,respectively. The Re and Os abundances of magnetic fraction from Boxian and Lujiang are within the range of high-Os ⅡAB and ⅢAB irons,whereas those of nonmagnetic fractions of Boxian and Lujiang are lower than the whole-chondrite values. The Re and Os abundances of nodules in Jilin are in the range of the LL-Group. 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os ratios of the three whole chondrites are in the range of ordinary chondrites which locate around the isochron of ⅡAB ⅢAB irons. 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os ratios of the magnetic and nonmagnetic fractions from Boxian have a larger difference. The nonmag-netic fraction of Lujiang may contain a recent addition of Re,which causes deviation of the 187Re/188Os ratio from the irons isochron. The Re and Os abundances of nodules in Jilin are lower than those of the whole-chondrite,but their 187Os/188Os ratios are higher than that of the whole chondrite.     

Archaean ultra-depleted komatiites formed by hydrous melting of cratonic mantle

Komatiites are ultramafic volcanic rocks containing more than 18 per cent MgO (ref. 1) that erupted mainly in the Archaean era (more than 2.5 gigayears ago). Although such compositions occur in later periods of Earth history (for example, the Cretaceous komatiites of Gorgona Island), the more recent examples tend to have lower MgO content than their Archaean equivalents. Komatiites are also characterized by their low incompatible-element content, which is most consistent with their generation by high degrees of partial melting (30-50 per cent). Current models for komatiite genesis include the melting of rock at great depth in plumes of hot, diapirically rising mantle or the melting of relatively shallow mantle rocks at less extreme, but still high, temperatures caused by fluxing with water. Here we report a suite of ultramafic lava flows from the Commondale greenstone belt, in the southern part of the Kaapvaal Craton, which represents a previously unrecognized type of komatiite with exceptionally high forsterite content of its igneous olivines, low TiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) ratio, high silica content, extreme depletion in rare-earth elements and low Re/Os ratio. We suggest a model for their formation in which a garnet-enriched residue left by earlier cratonic volcanism was melted by hydration from a subducting slab.     

Evidence for recycled Archaean oceanic mantle lithosphere in the Azores plume

The compositional differences between mid-ocean-ridge and ocean-island basalts place important constraints on the form of mantle convection. Also, it is thought that the scale and nature of heterogeneities within plumes and the degree to which heterogeneous material endures within the mantle might be reflected in spatial variations of basalt composition observed at the Earth's surface. Here we report osmium isotope data on lavas from a transect across the Azores archipelago which vary in a symmetrical pattern across what is thought to be a mantle plume. Many of the lavas from the centre of the plume have lower 187Os/188Os ratios than most ocean-island basalts and some extend to subchondritic 187Os/188Os ratios-lower than any yet reported from ocean-island basalts. These low ratios require derivation from a depleted, harzburgitic mantle, consistent with the low-iron signature of the Azores plume. Rhenium-depletion model ages extend to 2.5 Gyr, and we infer that the osmium isotope signature is unlikely to be derived from Iberian subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Instead, we interpret the osmium isotope signature as having a deep origin and infer that it may be recycled, Archaean oceanic mantle lithosphere that has delaminated from its overlying oceanic crust. If correct, our data provide evidence for deep mantle subduction and storage of oceanic mantle lithosphere during the Archaean era.     

Os isotopic evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic mantle source for the Nagqu ophiolite from Tibet and its implications

Early-crystallizing chromian spinel(Cr-spinel) in the Nagqu ophiolite has high Os and low Re contents,and it is resistant to alteration during serpentinization,weathering and metamorphism.The chemical composition of primitive magma is preserved in Cr-spinel,which makes it suitable for determining the initial Os-isotope composition of the mantle source.This study presents Cr-spinel Os isotopes and zircon U-Pb ages for cumulate dunite and gabbro,respectively,in the same cumulate section of the ophiolite at Nagqu in Tibet.The results shed light on the formation and evolution of lithospheric mantle.The Nagqu ophiolite is located in the central part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.It is a remnant of the Neotethyan oceanic crust,and contains cumulate dunite and gabbro.Zircon from the gabbro yielded a weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U age of 183.7±1 Ma.Cr-spinel exhibits Os values of 0.2 to 0.3,suggesting that the mantle source for the dunite is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites.Thus,the Tibetan lithosphere is primarily a relic of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere,which has formed by the transformation of the normal asthenospheric mantle in the Mesozoic.This is the first study to combine the spinel Os isotopes with accurate zircon U-Pb ages to constrain the geochemical characteristics of the mantle source for the ophiolite.     

Ancient, highly heterogeneous mantle beneath Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

The Earth's mantle beneath ocean ridges is widely thought to be depleted by previous melt extraction, but well homogenized by convective stirring. This inference of homogeneity has been complicated by the occurrence of portions enriched in incompatible elements. Here we show that some refractory abyssal peridotites from the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge (Arctic Ocean) have very depleted 187Os/188Os ratios with model ages up to 2 billion years, implying the long-term preservation of refractory domains in the asthenospheric mantle rather than their erasure by mantle convection. The refractory domains would not be sampled by mid-ocean-ridge basalts because they contribute little to the genesis of magmas. We thus suggest that the upwelling mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges is highly heterogeneous, which makes it difficult to constrain its composition by mid-ocean-ridge basalts alone. Furthermore, the existence of ancient domains in oceanic mantle suggests that using osmium model ages to constrain the evolution of continental lithosphere should be approached with caution.