一万年以来陕西富平的植被与气候环境演化

通过对黄土高原中部的陕西富平剖面的地质调查、密集采样和31个样品的孢粉分析,显示了该地区全新世植被和气候环境的演化阶段。将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个带分别代表早、中、晚三个时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为松—菊—香蒲组合带,以草本植物花粉占优势,针叶树植物花粉含量较高为特征;Ⅱ带为松—栎—蒿—环纹藻组合带,以乔木花粉增加,草本植物花粉减少为特征;Ⅲ带为栎—松—蒿组合带,以草本植物花粉增加,乔木花粉减少为特征。结果表明:早全新世植被为森林草原—干草原,气候干凉—干冷;中全新世植被为森林草原与针阔叶混交林草原,气候温暖半湿润;晚全新世植被为森林草原或疏林草原,气候干旱偏暖—温凉干旱。     

陇中黄土高原全新世植被变化及干旱事件的孢粉记录

甘肃定西、秦安等地5个全新世黄土沉积剖面的孢粉记录,分别以每个样品分辨率为200—20 a,揭示了研究区1万多年以来古植被曾经历过草原、森林草原(或疏林草原)、针叶林或温带森林以及荒漠草原几种植被的多次演化过程.大部分时间内是以草原或森林草原(或疏林草原)植被为主.在全新世中期,约7.6—5.9 kaBP有近1700a时间发育有森林植被,在这个时期当地自然植被覆盖度较高,反映当时气候环境比较温湿.而草原或疏林草原发育时期植被往往较稀疏,反映气候相对的干冷.根据出现的不同类型植物的孢粉浓度及其生态环境特性,结合地层、有机质、粒度、蜗牛化石和炭屑等其他代用指标分析结果反映,早中全新世是比较温暖湿润的时期,大约在8.8—5.8 kaBP高湿润期最明显,呈现湿地/沼泽沉积地层;自3.8 kaBP以后孢粉成分、含量和浓度明显降低,植被开始向荒漠草原化演变,气候环境总的变化趋势是逐渐变冷干.以苏家湾和大地湾剖面为例,根据云杉含量和针叶树种总量以及花粉总浓度计算结果推测,全新世可能存在着7次较明显的气候干寒事件.     

河北阜城地区晚第四纪孢粉组合及其古植被和古气候演替

通过对阜城地区阜101孔孢粉研究,划分出三个孢粉组合带,从孢粉组合特征清楚地反映出阜城地区自晚第四纪以来古植被、古气候的三个演替阶段。自下而上依次是:1.晚更新世是以松、冷杉、云杉为建群种的针、阔叶混交林-草原,此时气候冷而稍干。2.全新世中期是以松、栎、榆、桦占优势的针、阔叶混交林,为温暖、湿润的气候。3.全新世晚期是以蒿、藜、松和桦为主的疏林-草原,此时气候温凉、略干与现代相近。     

陕西北部地区晚更新世的植被与气候

目的 探究黄土高原中部晚更新世的古气候演化特征,揭示其变化规律.方法 通过对陕西富县剖面的地质调查、密集采样和54个样品的孢粉分析进行综合研究.结果 将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个带,分别代表S1、L1和S03个形成时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为榛-菊-蒿组合带,以草本植物孢粉占多数,乔木植物花粉出现高峰为特征;Ⅱ带为菊、蒿优势带,以草本植物花粉占优势,乔木植物花粉显著减少为特征;Ⅲ带为松-藜-中华卷柏增长带,以松、藜、中华卷柏显著增加,乔木植物明显增长为特征.结论 S1形成时期植被为疏林草原,气候温暖较湿;L1形成时期植被为干草原,气候冷干;S0形成时期植被为森林草原,气候温凉干旱.     

西安半坡遗址全新世古气候环境的探讨

目的 讨论最近10000年来的植被和环境，制定治理黄土高原及其水土流失的战略方针，预测未来黄土高原的气候变化。方法 通过对西安半坡遗址大围沟剖面的地质调查、密集采样和孢粉分析，讨论该区植被的演替。结果 论证了全新世古气候环境的特征，总结了早、中、晚全新世在该区发育的植被及其所代表的气候环境。从该剖面17个样品中分析出了大量孢粉，做出了黄土地层的孢粉图式。据该剖面上孢粉组合变化的分析，得出了全新世的植被与相应的气候在时间上的演变与空间上的分布范围。结论 中全新世气候温暖湿润；晚全新世温凉干旱。     

黄土高原不同地貌类型区全新世植被变化研究

总结了24个具有年代控制的全新世剖面的孢粉记录后,得出以下主要认识:一是孢粉资料揭示出黄土高原不同地貌类型的全新世植被类型存在差异,在基岩山地和河谷地带全新世曾发育有森林植被,而黄土塬面上和黄土/沙漠过渡地带全新世植被以草原为主,未见森林植被.二是考虑到年代误差范围,尽管黄土高原不同地貌单元的全新世植被类型不同,但植被变化反映的环境演化格局基本一致,即早全新世黄土高原气候较干燥,中全新世气候温暖湿润,晚全新世气候又开始变干.     

巴汗淖孢粉记录的全新世环境变化

利用AMS14C测年,分析了鄂尔多斯高原中部巴汗淖湖泊沉积物孢粉,揭示了鄂尔多斯高原全新世植被和气候演化历史:8.696～7.847 kaBP植被以荒漠草原主导,气候寒冷干旱;7.847～7.130 kaBP植被转变为禾草草原,温湿条件得到改善,但区域气候很不稳定;7.130～4.780 kaBP植被演化为疏林草原,气候温暖湿润且稳定;4.780～4.207 kaBP为松-栎混交林,为温暖湿润且稳定的气候最宜期;4.207～3.622 kaBP植被退化为松属一禾草森林草原,气候向十旱化方向发展;3.622 kaBP以来,植被进一步退化为荒漠草原,气候进一步变干.     

兰州晚更新世后期的植被与古气候

本文以兰州黄士孢粉分析资料为基础,论证了晚更新世后期兰州黄河阶地曾出现过针叶森林植被,代表着温凉但相对湿润的气候。同时结合整个黄土高原孢粉分析资料,进一步证明晚更新世后期,距今2·3万年前后,黄土高原普遍具有温凉湿润的气候,在河谷地区形成了针叶森林或森林草原植被。     

北京西山末次冰期中期植被演化序列研究

对北京西山马兰黄土中的古土壤部分进行了孢粉分析,恢复了末次冰期中期这一地区的植被演化序列,研究结果显示末次冰期中期北京西山地区的植被演化分为三个阶段,这一特征与我国北方其它地区的环境演化序列具有较好的一致性.北京西山地区MIS3阶段早、晚发育草甸草原或森林草原,中期发育荒漠草原;中期中存在较多的次一级波动,说明当时气候不稳定.从植被的状况来看MIS3阶段早期的植被状况要好于晚期,可能接近但还没有达到现代水平,说明当时青藏高原“高温大降水事件”对北京西山地区影响极其微弱或没有影响.     

北京昌平地区30000 yr BP以来的古气候研究

本文选择在第四纪沉积厚度较大的北京昌平地区行打钻取样,获得连续的沉积样品,通过AMS14C测年手段建立年代框架,提取钻孔上部2~12.4 m沉积物的孢粉,通过分析孢粉的质量浓度及种属组合变化,进而恢复北京地区的古气候状况。研究表明北京昌平地区30 000 yr BP以来的古气候演变经历了4个阶段:29 090~27 200 yr BP为气候寒冷湿润;27 200~19 100 yr BP,主要发育以蒿、藜为主的中旱生草原,反映了这一时期寒冷干燥的气候特征;19 100~11 700 yr BP,主要分布以蒿、藜为主的草原植被,但是覆盖度很低,说明气候进一步变冷变干,是北京气候最寒冷干旱的时期;11 700~4 460 yr BP,为全新世早中期,植物种类丰富,适宜木本植物生长,植被发育针阔叶混交林,气候较为温暖湿润。     

粘土矿物分析及其指示的气候意义 ——以毛乌素沙漠滴哨沟湾为例

以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面DGS1层段为代表,对其粘土矿物组成进行分析.结果显示,DGS1层段粘土矿物以石英、钾长石、钠长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石和绿泥石为主,各层位均不含高岭石.各种沉积相矿物组成基本一致,说明该地区的矿物来源基本一致.不同沉积相粘土矿物含量不尽相同,沙丘砂、次生黄土中的石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石等代表干、寒气候的粘土矿物含量高,湖沼相中的蒙脱石、方解石等代表暖湿气候的粘土矿物含量高,个别湖沼相层位出现了白云石.粘土矿物组分表现出萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候特征:本地区全新世总体偏冷干,各沉积相缺失高岭石而均存在绿泥石可为证明;本地区全新世气候分为两个主要气候阶段,早期到中期堆积湖沼相为主的时期气候相对温暖湿润;中期以后到现在堆积次生黄土和沙丘砂的阶段气候相对寒冷干燥.     

Comparison of paleoclimatic characteristics between monsoon and westerly areas, China

For past decades there have been many studies on the climate features during the last interglacial and glacial periods. A comparison between the loess record of western China with that of monsoon areas shows some regional differences. ( i) Generally, the climate of the Yili region since the late Pleistocene was dry, with fluctuations. Late Pleistocene climate change in the study area can be divided into 5 stages, corresponding to 5 marine isotopic stages (MIS 1-MISS), (ii) Evidence from grain size composition, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate content, pollen assemblage and geochemistry shows that the climate during the last glacial period was instable. During MIS4 the westerly winds were strong and the humidity was relatively high. Compared with the early stage, MIS2 was dry. In MIS3, westerly winds were relatively weak; pedogenesis prevailed, forming paleo-sols. (iii) In contrast to the Loess Plateau the deposition rate of dust at the early stage was higher than at the late stage of the last galical in the Yili region. The strongest wind event occurred at about 24 kaBP instead of 18 kaBP. (iv) Variations in the grain size indicate that the westerly winds decreased since the deglaciation, but dust accumulation continued until the late Holocene. High carbonate contents, low ratio of Rb/Sr and lack of soil development imply that the climate was dry during the early and middle Holocene. Since the late Holocene the climate became relatively wet and the soil was developed.     

Climate instability in the Yili region, Xinjiang during the last glaciation

The climate is influenced by westerlies year in year out and the aeolian loess is widespread in the Yili region, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Through the study of the loess section with a thickness of 21.5 m, much useful information about climatic change in this region during the last glaciation was gotten. Grain size analysis of loess samples in the section showed that the climatic change in the Yili region was of instability during the last glaciation and similar to those of the North Atlantic Ocean and Greenland. In correspondence with the Heinrich events, the percentage of the size fraction of loess with grain size less than 10 μm decreased in cold stadials in the Yili region. This result suggests that the westerly wind be strengthened during the cold periods. Compared with the stadials, the content of the loess with grain size less than 10 μm was increased in interstadials, which indicated that the strength of the westerly wind was weakened. It is obvious that the climate was instable not only in the North Atlantic Ocean and polar regions, but also in other areas of Northern Hemisphere during the last glaciation.     

泾河中游ETC全新世剖面木炭屑记录的环境信息解译

通过对泾河中游ETC全新世剖面的木炭屑分布规律的分析,结合磁化率和考古资料讨论了该地区全新世时期野火活动规律及其对环境的指示意义.表明:马兰黄土堆积时期和全新世早期,气候比较温和干燥,当地常有自然野火发生;全新世大暖期(8 500～3 100a B.P.),气候湿润,但由于人类活动的影响,野火活动仍有发生;从3 100a B. P.开始,人类活动加强,加之气候变得干旱,野火活动异常频繁.     

Pollen records of Holocene vegetation and climate changes in the Longzhong Basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Pollen records with an average time resolution of 20-200 years from Holocene loess sections at Dingxi, Qin'an, and other localities of Gansu Province reveal a detailed history of vegetation and climate changes in the western Loess Plateau. For most time of the Holocene, the landscape was dominated by grasslands or forest steppes. However, during the middle Holocene (7.5-5.8 ka BP), relatively dense forests developed, and the endemic vegetation flourished, suggesting a much warmer and more humid climate condition than the present. Superimposed upon this general pattern are several dry intervals marked by the episodic expansion of grasslands or forest steppe. Xeric vegetation expanded after 3.8 ka BP, indicating a trend towards dry conditions.     

Holocene vegetation cover in Qin’an area of western Chinese Loess Plateau revealed by n-alkane

Previous studies have found that wetlands prevailed in western Chinese Loess Plateau and pine pollen could reach up to 80% in Qin＇an area of the plateau during middle Holocene. It was then deduced that forest vegetation covered Qin＇an area in a warm and wet climate during middle Holocene. The proxies of molecule biomarkers from two Holocene sections, a swamp-alluvial loess section and a typical Ioess-paleosol section are used to reconstruct regional vegetation history. It is found that the heavy-molecular-weight （HMW） homologues of the n-alkanes in all samples exhibit a pronounced odd-over-even predominance, maximizing at C31 and the abundance of the nC27-alkanes is the lowest in nC27, nC29, nC31, i.e. C27〈C29〈C31, a typical grass n-alkanes model. The results are the same as those of model surface soil samples under grass cover but different from both forest cover and modern pine leaves, which yield preferentially nC29-alkanes peak. It could be inferred that the area was dominated by grass cover but not forest cover during whole Holocene epoch. The study shows that combining both molecule biomarkers and pollen analysis can avoid the disadvantage of pollen analysis in reconstruction of regional vegetation cover.     

辽南滨海地区黄土磁化率特征及其古气候分析

通过对辽南滨海地区第四纪黄土沉积物的磁化率测量和分析,发现该区马兰黄土的磁化率值不高,反映了该区晚更新世受末次冰期影响,气候条件干冷,黄土粉尘沉积速率快,成壤作用微弱;时间更早的离石黄土磁化率值偏高,反映其成土环境较为温暖潮湿,黄土粉尘堆积速率慢,成壤作用好。磁化率曲线的波动变化反映了古气候发生多次旋回变化;黄土-古土壤序列很好的指示了干冷、暖湿气候的交替,也对应了冬季风、夏季风的交替变化。根据磁化率值对古气温和古降水量的回归计算得到古气温应介于5.85℃～13.0℃（＋1.5℃）,古降水量介于403.22mm～735mm,其标准都低于当今水平。反演辽南滨海地区中、晚更新世时期的黄土沉积环境是比较干冷的,并且经历了多次的小规模的干冷、暖湿交替变化。     

Palaeoclimatic evolution recorded by multidicipline in sediments in gahai lake, qaidam basin since late last deglacial

Based on the analyses of Loss-on-Ignition (LOI), carbonate content and sediment characteristics, this paper reconstructs the climatic and environmental evolution of the Gahai Lake area since the late Last Deglacial Period.The results cover the late Last Deglacial Period and the Holocene.The climate was very unstable and rather arid during the late Last Deglacial Period.The Holocene can be divided into three pe-riods:the early Holocene (11360-8240 cal aB.P.), which was dry but unstable and featured rising tem-peratttres, the mid-Holocene (8240-3200 cal aB.P.), which was warm and wet and the late Holocene (since 3200 cal aBP), which was cold and dry.Results also show a warm-wet event around 1500 cal aB.P.     

萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候变化的元素地球化学记录

通过对萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾左岸沉积剖面常量元素Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na含量及其比值变化的分析,结合~(14)C测年结果及粒度、有机质指标,并综合已有研究,探讨了该地区全新世以来的气候变化.研究表明,9.6ka BP前气候干冷,沉积相为风成沉积;9.6~8.4ka BP气候由干冷向暖湿转变,期间存在干冷波动;8.4~4.0ka BP进入全新世大暖期,其中,8.4~6.5ka BP为全新世大暖期的鼎盛时期,降水增加,积水成湖,湖泊水位高且稳定;6.5ka BP气候发生明显转变;6.5~4.0ka BP湖泊水位逐步下降形成富含螺壳的浅水环境,但气候整体仍较为湿润;4.0~1.2ka BP气候变干冷,发育沼泽;1.2~0.7ka BP气候转暖湿,沉积相由沼泽相转变为湖泊相;0.7~0.5ka BP为河流相沉积,气候较为干冷.剖面记录的气候变化可与东亚季风变化、温度变化、太阳辐射进行对比,反映了该区域气候变化与全球气候变化的一致性.     

西藏阿里地区北部沼泽基本特征

本文论述了西藏阿里地区北部沼泽发育的控制因素,沼泽基本类型及各类型沼泽分布特点,沼泽植物与沼泽沉积物特征、孢子花粉特征以及沼泽水化学特征等。通过5个代表性沼泽地沉积物孢粉组合带的分析,阐明了本区晚全新世的某些基本特点。