C02泡沫压裂液两相流流动特性的试验研究

通过大型高参数泡沫压裂液试验回路首次详细研究了实际压裂条件下CO2泡沫压裂液的流变特性，得出了实际压裂条件下C02泡沫压裂液流变参数的计算关联式，从而为低渗油气藏泡沫压裂技术的有效实施提供了试验依据。研究表明：在实际施工条件下，CO2泡沫压裂液具有剪切稀化性质，可用幂律模型来描述；其有效粘度随剪切速率、温度的增高而减小，随压力、泡沫质量的增大而增大；相对而言，温度和泡沫质量对流变参数的影响比压力的影响明显，在该试验范围内，温度和泡沫质量对流变参数的影响呈指数规律变化。     

硼交联N_2伴注泡沫压裂液的阻力特性研究

液氮泡沫伴注压裂液的阻力性能对于有效实施压裂工艺、选择合理的压裂参数、进行更为准确的裂缝预测、评估压裂效果都至关重要.利用高参数泡沫压裂液实验回路详细研究了模拟实际压裂条件下N2泡沫压裂液的阻力特性.研究表明:N2泡沫压裂液的摩擦压降梯度随着流速的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而减小,随着压力的增大而增大;摩擦阻力系数随着流速增大而增大,随着温度的升高而减小,而其随着压力的变化特别复杂.通过实验研究得出了N2泡沫压裂液在15~45MPa范围内摩擦阻力系数和广义雷诺数之间的计算关联式,其在本文实验工况下的平均计算误差为10.2%.     

GRF-CO_2清洁泡沫压裂液流变特性实验研究

基于管式流变仪原理,使用大型高温高压泡沫压裂液实验系统,对GRF体系的CO2清洁泡沫压裂液流变特性进行了详细的实验研究,研究了其流变特性受温度、泡沫质量、剪切速率和压力影响的规律,得出了压裂液流变参数的计算关联式,GRF-CO2清洁泡沫压裂液流变指数、流变系数的计算关联式平均误差均小于10%,能够满足实际工程需要。     

应用幂律和改良幂律模型研究干法泡沫压裂液流变性

为了正确认识压裂液的流变特性,模拟高压高剪切速率实际压裂施工条件下,在大型高压泡沫压裂液实验回路上对改良的干法压裂液的流变特性进行实验研究,并用幂律模型和改良幂律模型对实验数据进行了处理.结果表明:当剪切速率和温度升高时,改良的干法压裂液流动变顺畅;当压力和泡沫质量增加时,其流动性变差.改良幂律模型中引入的比容膨胀率能包含温度造成的体积膨胀影响,但不能包含泡沫质量的影响,因为当泡沫质量高于70%时,泡沫质量增加带来的泡沫结构的变化没有考虑在比容膨胀率中.     

氮气泡沫压裂液体系的研究与应用

氮气泡沫压裂是70年代以来研究发展起来的一项新的压裂工艺技术,它特别适用于低压、低渗和水敏性地层的压裂改造。对氮气泡沫压裂液的基本配方和流变性能进行了室内评价研究。研究了泡沫质量、表面活性剂类型、浓度、剪切速率、温度、压力等因素对泡沫压裂液流变性能的影响。在实验基础上提出了适宜辽河油田的泡沫压裂液配方体系,采用该压裂液在辽河油田先后成功地对8口井实施了氮气泡沫压裂施工,施工成功率100%,累积增产原油1.24×10⁴ t,取得了显著效果。     

硅氧烷增稠CO_2压裂液高压流变性

压裂过程中CO_2压裂液的相态和流变特性复杂多变,CO_2压裂液的高压流变性是压裂设计的基础。制备一种硅氧烷类增稠剂,测试其增稠性能,并通过改变增稠剂质量分数、温度、压力研究增稠后的CO_2压裂液在毛细管内流动的流变特性。结果表明:8～16 MPa条件下,硅氧烷增稠CO_2压裂液表现为典型的幂律流体特性;温度和压力对硅氧烷增稠的CO_2流变性影响显著,随着温度升高,硅氧烷增稠CO_2的表观黏度降低,稠度系数与流变指数均减小,在30～40℃,CO_2由液态变为超临界状态,增稠CO_2的表观黏度大幅度下降;随着压力升高,硅氧烷增稠CO_2表观黏度升高,稠度系数增大,流变指数减小,CO_2压裂液的非牛顿性增强,压力由8 MPa升高至16 MPa,硅氧烷增稠CO_2的表观黏度增大62%。     

氮气泡沫压裂液体系在水平管段中的流动规律

根据泡沫压裂液体系含有气体和液体两相这一特性,设计了一套室内泡沫流体管式流变仪,进行了泡沫压裂液体系在水平管段的流动规律研究,得到了泡沫压裂液体系在实验管段的微观结构;并对泡沫质量对泡沫压裂液体系的流变性影响进行了研究。实验结果表明,泡沫压裂液体系随着泡沫质量的增加,管路中的压降先增加后减小;并且泡沫质量较小时很难得到稳定的泡沫;泡沫质量在40%~75%之间能得到稳定的泡沫;用幂律模型研究泡沫压裂液的流变特性,得到泡沫压裂液体系的流变方程。结果表明,随着泡沫质量的不断增加,泡沫压裂液体系的稠度系数不断增加,流变指数不断减小;并且随着剪切速率的增加,表观黏度不断降低,对于研究泡沫压裂液在井筒中的流动具有一定的价值。     

稠油蒸汽泡沫共混体系的流变性能研究

为了进一步加强对稠油蒸汽泡沫驱油过程中流体力学性能的认识,在油藏压力7.60 MPa下,利用高温高压流变仪测得了不同条件下稠油蒸汽泡沫共混体系的流变曲线.实验结果表明:稠油蒸汽泡沫驱油体系均为假塑性流体,其流变方程能很好地关联幂律模型;随蒸汽相饱和度和泡沫剂浓度升高,体系表观黏度增大;随蒸汽干度和温度升高,体系表观黏度降低;在低剪切速率时,表观黏度和温度关系满足Arrhenius方程,随着剪切速率增大,表观黏度和温度关系逐渐偏离Arrhenius方程;黏流活化能的绝对值随剪切速率增大而降低,在低剪切速率时,表观黏度对于温度变化更敏感.     

CO2泡沫压裂裂缝三维延伸及温度场的数值模拟

针对深层油气田压裂施工的实际情况,考虑CO2泡沫压裂液变物性的影响,建立了新的拟三维模型和热力学模型,计算了陕西长庆上古油田某油井的现场压裂施工工况,计算结果表明,所建模型能较准确地预测压裂液在裂缝中的延伸与温度特性的变化,对相关油井的压裂工艺实施、参数选择及效果评估具有一定的借鉴价值。     

基于非离子表面活性剂的高压CO2泡沫稳定性试验

针对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚系列非离子表面活性剂,利用高温高压可视化泡沫仪,在不同温度、压力和矿化度条件下对CO2泡沫性能进行测试,分析(聚氧乙烯基)EO聚合度、矿化度、压力和温度对CO2泡沫性能的影响。同时通过驱替试验对CO2泡沫作为驱油剂的封堵和流度控制能力进行测试,并与高温高压泡沫仪的试验结果进行对比,分析泡沫仪测试的泡沫综合性能指数与泡沫在驱替试验中的阻力系数的相关性。结果表明:随着EO聚合度的增大,表面活性剂的亲水性增加,所产生CO2泡沫的性能及稳定性提高;泡沫液矿化度增大、压力增大和温度升高都会导致CO2泡沫性能下降。驱替试验结果揭示了表面活性剂分子结构对CO2泡沫的影响,对CO2泡沫用非离子表面活性剂的设计和性能提高具有指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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