烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

含钛高炉炉渣微波合成碳化钛及其介电性能测定

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking. The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed. The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

Single carrier frequency domain equalization and diversity combining for cooperative systems

A low-complexity single carrier frequency-domain equalizer(SC/FDE)and diversity combiningmethod for cooperative systems with demodulate-and-forward relaying over frequency-selective channels isproposed.At the relay nodes,linear SC/FDE is adopted and normalized correlation coefficient is intro-duced to derive an equivalent source-to-relay-destination(S-R-D)channel that is highlighted in thisstudy.At the destination,a joint SC/FDE and diversity combining receiver is proposed by utilizing the e-quivalent S...     

MIMO-OFDM双向多中继选择的网络资源优化

为加强多输入多输出-正交频分复用(multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,MIMO-OFDM)双向中继系统的频域和空间复用增益,研究放大转发(amplify-forward,AF)协议下的中继系统模式,提出一种双向信道的预编码矩阵,能够将复杂的双向MIMO-OFDM信道划分为多个独立的物理层网络编码(physical network coding,PNC)子信道.在此基础上,将系统扩展至多中继,并提出在已有的频域子载波和空间子信道的最佳配对方案下,以最大化用户接收信号信噪比为准则,为每组配对方案分配合适的中继来改善中继网络的性能.通过联合优化的中继选择策略,单节点功率约束条件以及拉格朗日对偶方法,获取优化的系统资源分配方案.仿真结果证明,所提算法较一般功率分配方法带来的性能增益随着中继的增加,增益幅度随之增加.     

合理反馈机制下保证混合业务QoS的调度算法

针对正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM)系统多用户中继场景中混合业务对时延的不同需求,提出一种基于合理反馈机制下的降低时延、保证混合业务服务质量的调度算法(mixed services with feedback scheduling , MSFS)。MSFS算法针对用户实时业务及非实时业务的不同需求分别采用不同的调度准则及反馈方式,以达到优化系统性能的目的。针对实时业务,增大其调度优先级以减少等待时延,并在其等待时延接近时延门限时,使其调度优先级迅速增加,以避免丢包;针对非实时业务,加入时延公平因子,使得该类用户业务在时延公平性方面得到改善,同时设置适当的反馈门限,在不影响业务服务质量需求的同时达到降低系统反馈量的目的。仿真结果表明,该算法在保证系统吞吐量和用户公平性的同时,不仅能够有效降低实时用户的时延,而且能够较大程度地减少系统反馈量。     

D2D辅助NB-IoT系统的传输设备数优化算法

针对窄带物联网(narrowband internet of things,NB-IoT)中,处于蜂窝边缘覆盖薄弱区域的用户设备(user e-quipment,UE)到基站的直接链路质量可能并不满足数据传输的服务质量(quality of service,QoS)要求,提出一种设备到设备(device-to-device,D2D)通信辅助NB-IoT UE数据上传的方案.该方案采用D2D通信作为NB-IoT系统的路由扩展.当候选中继UEs工作在D2D通信模式以节省能量时,边缘UEs根据它们的中继时间表选择一组D2D中继设备,用于上行链路数据的传输.此外,对于NB-IoT系统传输设备数不足的问题,进一步提出基于动态规划的优化算法,实现了最佳的单位能量提供的传输设备数(transmission device number provides by unit energy,NUE).仿真结果表明,与直接传输、单中继和多中继等其他算法相比,所提的maxNUE算法在不同的UE/中继发射功率和中继占空比下均获得了最大的NUE.     

蜂窝网络中设备间中继的功率分配

在蜂窝网络中,部署了一个设备间(D2D)双向中继网络.每个D2D双向中继节点配备有两根收发天线,分别同时与基站和D2D接收端进行通信.在假设D2D双向中继采用放大转发模式条件下,提出了优化D2D双向中继网络的功率分配方案.仿真结果显示:所提方案的D2D双向中继网络的吞吐量在理想信道下,较随机功率分配和传统通信方式分别提升7%和12%.     

中继下基于特征子矩阵的干扰对齐优化算法

针对MIMO双向中继网络系统中,由于用户对间的数据流具有非对称性,通过研究用户对与中继之间的天线分配关系,提出了一种基于特征子矩阵的干扰对齐优化算法及可行性方案.该算法首先利用特征子矩阵准则,为每个用户设计干扰对齐预编码优化方案,然后基于分布式迭代算法逐一推导出最优的干扰抑制矩阵,以达到在目的用户端消除其他用户干扰的效果.通过仿真结果表明,与传统中继迫零方法相比较,优化算法对系统传输速率有了显著的改善.     

一种中继辅助下SISO系统的干扰对齐算法

通过研究含中继的单输入单输出（single input single output,SISO）对称无线干扰网络,分析了在SISO对称网络中进行干扰对齐（interference alignment,IA）时使用中继的必要性。综合考虑所有用户的最大弦距离给出了优化的分布式干扰对齐算法。基于此优化算法并使用中继,只需要进行2个时隙的信道扩展就可对SISO干扰网络实现干扰对齐,使每个用户对达到1/2的自由度。仿真结果表明,在增加中继并应用优化算法后,系统的容量、能量效率都有了显著的改善。     

基于中继选择的协作频谱感知算法

针对最佳中继选择协作频谱感知方案检测概率低、而所有中继节点均参与协作频谱感知复杂度高的问题,提出一种中继选择协作感知算法.该算法根据N条中继链路等效信噪比的大小,从中选择出L个信噪比大的优质中继用户转发主用户信息.导出了该算法在瑞利平坦衰落下的频谱检测概率上限闭合表达式,为频谱检测性能分析提供了理论依据.数值分析结果表明：只需60%左右的优质链路参加中继就可以达到理想的性能,大大降低了系统实现的复杂性.     

基于干扰感知的双路径译码转发中继选择算法

双路径中继协议(two-path relaying,TPR)可以很大程度改善由于中继半双工产生的频谱效率损失,然而双路径中继协议的中继节点间干扰会严重影响系统传输速率,为此本文针对译码转发双路径中继协议,提出了一种启发性中继选择算法以最大化系统的传输速率性能.不同于现有的中继选择算法,该算法考虑了中继间干扰,其设计原则不仅基于当前时隙信道状态,还取决于被选中中继节点的上一时隙的信道状态.仿真结果证明启发式中继选择(heuristil relay selection,HRS)算法能够克服中继间干扰问题,以较低复杂度改善系统平均传输速率.     

非完美CSI下大规模MIMO DF中继多用户对全双工通信系统性能研究

通过解码转发（DF）协议中继,研究了在非完美信道状态信息（CSI）下,多用户对双向全双工通信系统的性能.通过配备大量天线,可以大大增加通信系统的频谱效率（SE）.对到达中继端的信号采用迫零（ZF）线性接收处理并预编码,推导了SE的近似表达式,提出了与天线数量相关的功率缩放定律,讨论了在导频功率固定和变化条件下缩放因子的取值.所提的功率缩放定律可以在保持稳定的频谱效率的同时,将发射功率降低.研究了在非完美信道状态信息下,经过解码转发协议中继的多用户对双向全双工通信系统的性能.