钢厚板母材及其焊接影响区的Z向拉伸试验

为研究钢结构厚板的Z向性能,针对Q345B结构用钢,在不同板厚,不同尺寸十字形对接焊缝下,进行不同取样位置、方向的取样,在常温和低温下进行简单拉伸试验.分析了不同板厚、焊缝尺寸、取样位置、方向及温度下的屈服强度、极限强度及断面收缩率的变化规律.试验结果表明:随钢板厚度增大,屈服强度fy,极限强度fu和断面收缩率ψ皆降低;Z向取样的fy,fu和ψ皆低于X向取样,焊缝热影响的母材Z向数值比未受焊缝影响的母材Z向的更低;随着温度的降低,fy和fu升高,但是ψ皆降低,结构表现出明显的低温冷脆现象.试验积累了大量Z向拉伸性能的数据,为今后更精确的Z向指标衡量及设计提供了实验依据.     

结构钢材裂纹尖端张开位移的低温试验

目前对结构钢材低温脆性断裂的控制主要通过冲击韧性指标,难于获得定量的结果,因此,有必要对结构钢材的断裂指标进行低温测定。试验测定了结构钢材Q235A、Q345B和Q390E(屈服强度标准值分别为235MPa、345MPa和390MPa)在20～-70℃下12～48mm试样的裂纹尖端张开位移指标(CTOD),并分析了最大载荷CTOD特征值δm随温度和厚度的变化规律。结果表明,总的趋势是δm随着温度的降低而下降,其规律可以比较好的用Boltzmann函数描述;厚度增大,δm的总趋势降低,但在厚度12～24mm范围附近也会出现δm随厚度增加而上升的现象。     

X100直缝埋弧焊管断裂韧性的裂纹尖端张开位移试验研究

为了检验X100直缝埋弧焊管的断裂韧性,采用三点弯曲多试样法,在室温、-10℃和-30℃下对该焊管的母材、热影响区和焊缝部位进行了裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验.测试结果表明:在同一温度下,CTOD试验的表观启裂值δ0.05、条件启裂值δi和最大载荷值δm的分布规律为母材最好,焊缝次之,热影响区最差;采用裂纹扩展阻力和撕裂模量表征的分布规律为母材最好,热影响区次之,焊缝最差;焊接热影响区组织中含有大量呈块状分布的铁素体,而粒状贝氏体等增强相的含量较少,这会造成其韧性下降,使焊管出现局部失稳现象.     

Q370qE钢桥面板顶板-纵肋焊接残余应力试验研究

为研究Q370qE钢桥面板顶板-纵肋焊接细节残余应力,采用钻孔应变法对足尺正交异性钢桥面板试件进行了试验研究,得到了顶板表面纵、横焊接残余应力分布,分析了不同强度钢材对残余应力分布模型的影响.结果表明:顶板下表面的纵向残余应力σZ约为上表面的2倍,而横向残余应力σX则差别不大;由于残余应力受焊接顺序影响较大,导致较晚施工的焊缝所在顶板上表面σZ减小而σX增大,而顶板下表面σZ增大而σX减小.基于实测数据和数值模拟结果,提出了适用于Q370qE钢的纵向残余应力分布模型,其较Q235A或Q345钢材在焊缝附近具有更高的应力峰值和更大的应力梯度,在远离焊接区域则具有较小的压应力值.     

X65管线钢焊接接头抗开裂性能及止裂性能

为了研究X65管线钢焊接接头的抗开裂性能和母材的止裂性能，对接头的金相组织进行了观察，并且进行了接头各区域裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验和母材的落锤撕裂试验(DWTT)。试验结果表明：X65钢焊接接头焊缝和母材相比，组织粗大且不均匀，其冲击韧度和断裂韧度值均明显低于母材；X65钢管材对应剪切面积为40％的温度约为 -35℃，X65钢母材的抗开裂性能明显优于焊缝，且具有良好的止裂性能。     

厚钢板焊接接头CTOD断裂韧度的温度影响

大型厚壁钢结构建造中,研究温度对焊接接头断裂韧度的影响十分重要．笔者对65mm厚S355ML钢板,编制自动埋弧焊（WPS017）工艺和手工电弧焊（WPS016,WPS016A）工艺,对其焊接接头进行常温（15℃）和低温（-20℃）裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）评定．发现自动埋弧焊（WPS017）接头焊缝低温CTOD最小值比常温低13．9％,焊缝低温CTOD均值比常温低8．0％;热影响区CTOD断裂韧度值高于焊缝和母材,且对温度变化不敏感．手工电弧焊接头焊缝低温CTOD最小值只有常温的34．5％,焊缝低温CTOD均值只有常温的25．9％;热影响区低温CTOD断裂韧度也很低．在常温（15℃）下,自动埋弧焊焊缝CTOD值比手工电弧焊焊缝CTOD值大得多;在低温（-20℃）下,自动埋弧焊的焊缝和热影响区的CTOD值,都远远大于手工电弧焊CTOD值．     

加氢反应器在役挂片的回火脆性分析

对两块随加氢反应器运行了近５×１０４ｈ的带焊缝的２１４ＣｒｌＭｏ钢试板进行了试验,以了解加氢反应器实际操作工况对２１４Ｃｒ１Ｍｏ钢的时效作用。拉伸试验结果表明,母材和焊缝金属的抗拉性能没有劣化;母材制带人工裂纹缺陷的小容器爆破试验结果表明,试板母材的综合机械性能良好,仍有足够的韧性储备;试板母材与焊缝金属的冲击试验表明,母材仍具有较高的韧性,而焊缝金属已明显脆化;脱氢和脱回火脆处理的焊缝金属的冲击试验结果揭示了焊缝金属脆化是由回火脆化造成的,扫描电镜观察也证明了这一点     

Q460高强钢材及T形对接接头力学性能研究

为明确高强钢材焊接接头的脆变程度,针对Q460高强钢材及T形对接焊接接头进行试验和数值分析研究。分别从国产Q460钢板母材、热影响区和焊缝处取材,加工19个材性试件,进行单向拉伸试验;加工5个板厚及夹角不同的单面成形全熔透对接焊接T形接头,完成单向拉伸试验;对材性及接头试验结果进行精细化数值模拟,获取Q460钢材基本材性参数、断裂参数和应力-应变关系,分析T形接头试件的破坏模式、抗拉强度及断裂延性指标。研究结果表明:Q460高强钢母材强度符合我国钢结构设计标准要求,焊缝熔敷金属和热影响区塑性变形能力较母材略差。Q460钢T形焊接接头强度符合我国钢结构设计标准要求且有一定安全储备,破坏发生在母材中部,塑性变形能力取决于母材应力状态,基于VGM微观断裂预测理论,能有效预测T形接头断裂性能。     

Q345钢对接接头低周疲劳性能试验研究

采用等幅轴向低周疲劳试验,通过疲劳寿命、循环应力-应变响应特征及应力-应变滞回曲线等指标研究了Q345钢对接接头的疲劳性能,观察了疲劳断口宏观特征,并在试验研究和有限元分析的基础上,建立了该焊缝材料的疲劳寿命预测公式.结果表明:焊缝材料初始阶段表现为明显循环硬化现象,后期为轻微循环软化,总体上提高了材料的强度及疲劳性能;随着轴向位移的增加,应力幅增大,循环硬化率线性减小;滞回曲线光滑、饱满,材料耗能能力稳定;疲劳断口可明显划分为裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区和裂纹瞬断区,为典型疲劳破坏断口.得到的疲劳寿命预测公式对实际工程中Q345钢结构的疲劳分析和寿命预测具有重要意义.     

中厚板中间坯冷却过程中晶粒长大及控制方法

为控制中厚板中间坯长时间待温导致的晶粒长大,研究了中间强制水冷却对奥氏体组织的影响．通过对Q345B钢和含Nb-Ti钢采用1050℃变形后快冷至1050-950℃预定温度保温的热模拟方法,确定了中间坯冷却过程中的晶粒尺寸变化规律,提出了中厚板冷却过程中晶粒长大的控制方法,建立了Q345B钢和含Nb-Ti钢在中间冷却过程中的晶粒长大模型．在中间冷却过程中,Q345B钢晶粒稳定性较差,而含Nb-Ti钢晶粒稳定性良好,归因于以铌为主的析出相对奥氏体晶界的钉扎作用．中间坯的强制冷却可控制奥氏体晶粒长大,63mm厚中间坯强制冷却可有效减小平均晶粒尺寸约20μm．在实际生产中,经中间强制冷却后16mm厚度Q345B钢板的冲击韧性提高25％-70％．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.