层状岩体单轴压缩室内试验分析与数值模拟

为了研究层状岩体抗压强度的层面效应,通过室内试验和数值模拟研究,分析层状岩体单轴压缩情况下的应力应变响应以及强度特征。研究结果表明:随着结构面倾角的增大,层状岩体的压缩强度呈先减小后增大的趋势,含有90°倾角结构面的试样其抗压强度明显大于含有0°倾角结构面的试样对应的抗压强度;数值试验得到的分析结果与室内试验结果相同,岩样的变形特征大致分为弹性阶段、屈服阶段和破坏阶段;压缩强度均随加载速率的增大而增大,并且压缩强度与加载速率之间的关系均可通过线性方程进行拟合,相关系数较大;在实际试验过程中,应根据不同模拟工况采用不同的加载速率。     

层状岩体受压力学特征结构面效应数值分析

煤层底板岩体是沉积岩,具有显著的层状结构特点。为研究层状岩体压缩强度的结构面效应,通过FLAC3D数值软件,结合改进的遍布节理本构模型,建立层状岩体压缩数值模型,分析单轴、三轴压缩情况下的应力应变响应以及强度特征。研究结果表明:层状岩体压缩强度具有显著的结构面倾角效应。随着倾角的增大,层状岩体的压缩强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势。当结构面倾角为40°~80°时,岩体强度整体较低,破裂面主要沿结构面展开。数值试验和理论分析反映的岩体强度随结构面倾角变化规律一致。层状岩体弹性模量沿平行于结构面方向最大,而垂直于结构面方向最小,并随结构面与水平面之间夹角的增加而增大。     

新延安隧道层状页岩力学性能试验研究

为研究新延安隧道层状页岩的力学特性和破坏特征，分析层理面不同倾角对岩石力学参数的影响，本文分别进行了不同层理角度下的室内单轴压缩、三轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验及数值单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验。通过室内试验分析，峰值强度随倾角增加呈先减小后增大的趋势；抗压强度呈“U”型趋势，弹性模量呈“V”型变化。通过大量数值模拟试验拓展了室内试验范围并分别拟合了抗压强度和弹性模量随倾角变化关系式；围压的增大弱化了页岩各向异性，但随着围压的不断增大弱化程度减小；黏聚力对层状页岩强度的弱化程度远远大于内摩擦角；抗拉强度随倾角的增大逐渐减小；倾角不同层状页岩的破坏模式也不同，单轴压缩时，0°为张拉破坏，30°~60°时发生由弱面控制的沿层理面发生的剪切滑移破坏，90°时产生劈裂张拉破坏。三轴压缩时不同层理面倾角的页岩试件主要发生剪切破坏。     

单节理岩体抗压强度的数值模拟

为研究单节理岩体抗压强度随节理面倾角及围压变化时的变化规律,利用数值模拟软件UDEC对围压一定时不同节理面倾角的岩体进行了抗压强度实验.结果表明:围压一定,随节理面倾角的增大,岩体抗压强度先减小后增大,在倾角介于45°~60°时抗压强度达到最低值,呈典型的"U"形趋势;节理面倾角一定,随着围压的增大岩体抗压强度也随之增大,整体呈线性变化趋势,可拟合为一次函数,与理论导出式一致;随节理面倾角增大岩体抗压强度增大幅度呈先减小后增大趋势,近似于围压一定时岩体抗压强度随节理面倾角变化规律.     

层状岩体强度结构面特征的数值分析

运用FLAC3D软件建立层状岩体试件模型,分析单轴压缩情况下的破坏模式和强度各向异性特征.研究结果表明:随着结构面倾角β的增大,试件抗压强度σc呈现先减小后增大的趋势;当结构面倾角为20°～30°和80°～90°时,试件抗压强度对β的灵敏度最大;当β为30°～70°时,σc变化不大;当结构面内摩擦角φj＜β＜90°时,数值计算结果和理论计算结果差别较小;当β≤φj或β=90°时,两者差别较大,数值计算结果明显小于理论计算结果;数值模拟结果能够反映出β≤φj和β=90°对应的岩体抗压强度存在一定差别,与实际情况相符.     

考虑应变软化特征的层状岩体三轴压缩数值试验分析

考虑岩体应变软化特征,利用快速拉格朗日差分法建立三维数值计算模型,分析岩样在三轴应力作用下应力变形关系和抗剪强度参数的变化情况.研究结果表明:围压对岩体变形性能的影响较显著,其与岩样到达峰值时的变形量呈线性关系;压缩峰值强度与残余强度的比值随围压的增加逐渐减小,岩体破坏类型逐渐由脆性破坏过渡到延性破坏;岩样软、硬夹层之间存在交互作用,在结构面倾角变化过程中,部分岩样的抗剪强度被弱化,部分增强;数值模拟结果与试验分析结果较符合,能够直观和全面地反映层状岩体的破坏和变形特征.     

含陡倾角软弱结构面的花岗岩力学特性及声发射特征

利用MTS 815.03岩石试验机对试件进行三轴压缩试验,采用DISP声发射测试系统进行声发射数据收集,并对含陡倾角软弱结构面的岩体试件和岩石试件进行试验对比.两种试件随围压的增加强度逐渐增加,破坏由脆性向延性转变;岩体试件总是沿结构面滑移破坏,岩石试件为剪切破坏.随着围压的增加,两种试件的弹性模量、变形模量、峰值应变和峰值强度增加;岩体试件弹性模量、变形模量值和峰值强度低于岩石试件,而峰值应变高于岩石试件.岩体试件内摩擦角小于岩石试件,而黏聚力大于岩石试件.随围压的增加,两种试件在峰值应力阶段声发射事件远高于其他阶段,而岩体试件声发射事件集聚量远远高于岩石试件.研究结果表明软弱结构面的存在降低了岩体的力学性质,因此在高放废物地质处置库选址时结构面发育特征是需要考虑的关键因素.     

软弱节理面对于岩石三轴抗压强度的影响研究

利用数值模拟软件,构建了岩石三轴抗压强度试验数值模型。基于应变软化模型,分析研究了结构面不同倾角、条数及侧限围压对于岩石试件三轴抗压强度的影响。结果表明:(1)岩石试件中所含节理面倾角不同时,岩石破坏模式不同。节理面对于岩石强度及变形的控制作用与节理面产状相关;(2)随着岩石中节理条数的逐渐增加,岩石抗压强度相应降低,但对于节理控制型岩石,其主要破坏模式仍以节理面上下部分相对滑移破坏为主;(3)随着围压强度的逐渐增加,含节理面岩石抗压强度逐渐增加,但增加幅值与节理面控制作用大小相关。     

单轴压缩下单裂隙砂岩试件破坏强度特征的数值分析研究

基于摩尔-库伦理论和统计损伤理论,通过数值计算,模拟了单轴压缩条件下单裂隙砂岩试件的破坏过程,得出了不同倾角(0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°)单裂隙砂岩试件破坏时的单轴抗压强度及影响规律。结果表明:当裂隙倾角α=45°时,岩体试样的强度峰值最低;当裂隙倾角α45°时,随着裂隙倾角的增大,岩体试样的强度峰值呈递减的趋势;当裂隙倾角α45°时,随着裂隙倾角的增大,岩体试样的强度峰值呈递增的趋势;其中,α在15°~75°范围内,岩体试样的强度峰值变化显著。研究对于裂隙岩体工程的稳定与安全具有重要的理论意义。     

节理玄武岩强度特性三维离散元压缩模拟试验

基于节理玄武岩几何结构特征和岩体强度REV尺度,利用三维离散元建立不同节理倾角下的数值模型试件,进行三轴压缩模拟试验分析.对柱状节理岩体在不同围压、不同节理倾角、不同参数比值下的强度变化规律性进行探讨,研究其各向异性比,获取并分析了柱状节理岩体在不同倾角下的等效力学参数.研究结果表明:节理玄武岩强度曲线在不同节理倾角和围压下近似呈U型分布;各向异性程度随围压升高以指数函数形式降低,以坝基原位岩体水平应力15 MPa估算,坝基处玄武岩体属于中等各向异性水平;在节理倾角75°时,对应的等效摩擦角为44.4°,等效黏聚力为1.15 MPa,参数计算值在原位测试值范围内.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.