不同孔径SBA-16负载钴基费-托合成催化剂催化性能研究

以不同孔径的SBA-16介孔分子筛为载体、硝酸钴为钴源,采用满孔浸渍法制备了钴基费-托合成催化剂,并在固定床反应器中考察了载体孔径对催化剂的费-托合成反应催化性能的影响.结果表明:大孔径的载体负载的催化剂具有较大的钴颗粒粒径,较高的还原度和较低的钴分散度,其费-托合成反应稳定性相对较差;而小孔径的载体负载的催化剂具有较小的钴颗粒粒径,较低的还原度和较高的钴分散度,其费-托合成反应的催化活性较低.对比可知,当SBA-16的孔径为10 nm时,其负载的催化剂15%Co/SBA-16-100具有较高的CO平均转化率和较好的催化反应稳定性.     

焙烧温度对Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂催化纤维素转化性能的影响

以溶剂挥发诱导自组装方法合成的有序介孔氧化铝(MA)为载体负载铂,制备了Pt/MA催化剂。考察了载体和催化剂焙烧温度对Pt/MA催化剂催化纤维素转化性能的影响。采用X射线衍射、N2物理吸附、透射电镜和NH3程序升温脱附等手段对载体和催化剂进行了表征,随着载体焙烧温度的升高,氧化铝的有序度、晶相、比表面积、酸量、铂粒径大小均有明显变化。催化结果表明,载体焙烧温度和催化剂焙烧温度对催化剂的催化性能有显著影响。以800℃焙烧的氧化铝为载体负载铂,再经400℃焙烧制得的催化剂活性最高,六元醇的选择性达到了78.5%。     

铁助剂对纳米ZSM-5负载钴催化剂的费-托合成催化性能的影响

以蒸气转晶法制备的纳米ZSM-5为载体,采用共浸渍法负载钴,并通过不同方法引入铁助剂,制备了纳米ZSM-5负载钴基费-托合成催化剂.采用XRD、N_2-物理吸附、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD、XPS、TEM等方法表征催化剂,并对催化剂的费-托合成(FTS)催化性能进行评价,研究了铁离子直接掺杂ZSM-5分子筛骨架、铁钴共浸渍、铁钴分步浸渍等三种铁助剂引入方式对钴基催化剂结构、性质及费-托合成催化性能的影响.结果表明:铁助剂引入方式影响了催化剂中钴物种的分散和还原性以及载体的酸性,由此影响催化剂的费-托合成催化性能.分步浸渍法所制备的催化剂的钴物种分散度最高,但是还原性最低,使其达到稳态后具有最高的CO转化率、最低的CH_4选择性和最高的C_(5+)产物选择性.此外,以浸渍法(共浸渍和分步浸渍)引入的铁助剂更有利于iso-C_5的生成,而直接掺杂法引入的铁助剂不利于异构烃的生成.     

SiO_2修饰TiO_2负载钴基费-托合成催化剂及性能研究

采用Stber法和浸渍法制备了SiO2修饰的TiO2载体,并用浸渍法制备了钴基费-托合成催化剂,考察了其费-托合成催化性能.分别采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、低温氮气物理吸附-脱附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术对载体和催化剂进行了表征,在固定床反应器上对催化剂的催化性能进行了评价.结果表明:SiO2的引入能减弱钴物种与TiO2之间的相互作用力,提高钴物种的还原性,使催化剂的催化性能显著提高.     

二氧化锆助剂对碳纳米管负载钴基催化剂费-托合成催化性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了碳纳米管负载的钴基催化剂,考察了助剂ZrO2的加入方式对催化剂的费-托合成催化性能的影响.采用透射电子显微镜、氮气物理吸附脱附、X-射线衍射、H2-程序升温还原、X-射线光电子能谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在固定床反应器上对催化剂的费-托合成反应性能进行了测试.结果表明:对于先浸渍钴后浸渍锆或者钴和锆同时浸渍的催化剂,ZrO2的加入提高了钴的分散度;但是先浸渍钴后浸渍锆,ZrO2覆盖了部分钴的表面,使得此种催化剂表现出最低的反应活性.先浸渍锆后浸渍钴的催化剂的钴颗粒虽然较大,但是催化剂中表面钴原子的密度最大,从而表现出最高的反应活性.     

ZSM-5分子筛中Na对钴基费-托合成催化剂的毒害作用

采用蒸气转晶法并通过改变H离子交换条件合成了不同Na含量的纳米ZSM-5分子筛,以此为载体负载钴纳米颗粒作为费-托合成催化剂.采用XRD、XPS、TEM等表征手段表征载体和催化剂,考察了催化剂中Na含量对费-托合成性能的影响.结果表明：改变离子交换条件制备了不同Na含量的ZSM-5分子筛,低Na含量时,催化剂具有较高活性和稳定性,C₅～C₁₂产物选择性达到52.6%;高Na含量时,在220℃、1.0 MPa的费-托合成反应条件下,Na转移到活性金属钴的表面,致使活性表面积碳,催化剂中毒,活性大大降低.     

负载型钴催化剂结构与费-托合成反应的选择性

利用Co_2(CO)_3溶液浸渍氧化铝、氧化硅-氧化铝,制备了一系列用于费-托合成反应的钴催化剂。当钴含量低于2%时,烃类产物的分子量分布偏离Schulz-Flory分布,反应的选择性有所改善;载体的孔结构对产物的分子量分布影响很大。     

CO偶联合成草酸二丁酯反应研究

以Pd/Al2O3为催化剂,在固定床反应器中对CO偶联合成草酸二丁酯反应进行了研究。对焙烧后的载体进行了表征,考察了载体和反应条件对催化剂性能的影响。实验结果表明,1200℃的高温焙烧对γ-氧化铝载体的晶型、比表面、孔分布和表面酸性有很大的影响,有利于催化剂性能改善。在优化工艺条件下,CO的转化率可达46%,草酸二丁酯选择性可达94%左右,而且催化剂在一定反应时间范围内稳定性能良好。     

锰铁铜与钴组装的复合氧化物制备及其催化性能

尖晶石型复合氧化物催化剂具有独特的结构特征,在催化氧化反应中呈现良好的催化性能.文章采用溶胶凝胶法合成由锰铁铜分别与钴组装成的尖晶石结构特征的含钴复合氧化物催化剂,考察锰铁铜与钴的配比、焙烧温度等对其结构及其催化氧化碳烟颗粒性能的影响,并采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM等手段对催化剂结构进行表征.研究表明,前驱体焙烧温度为500℃时,Mn1.4Co2O4复合尖晶石氧化物催化剂的性能最好,其起燃温度最低达到Ti为240℃.     

不同形貌纳米Al2O3负载的钴基催化剂费-托合成催化性能研究

通过水热法合成了不同形貌（纤维、棒、片）Al2O3纳米材料,用满孔浸渍法负载钴基催化剂（Co/Al2O3）,采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、氮气物理吸附（N2-physisorption）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、氢气程序升温还原（H2-TPR）等方法对催化剂表征,并在固定床反应器上测试其费-托合成催化性能.结果表明：载体Al2O3形貌影响Co3O4晶粒大小、催化剂还原性能和催化活性,Al2O3纳米纤维负载的催化剂上Co3O4晶粒最小,催化剂表面的钴金属活性位数量最多,费-托合成催化活性最高.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-