用木屑制备羧甲基纤维素

研究了以木屑为原料制备羧甲基纤维素.最佳条件为:纤维素(g)∶NaOH(g)∶氯乙酸(g)=1.0∶1.1∶1.2;以85%乙醇为溶剂,碱化温度为30～35℃,时间为60～90min;醚化温度为70℃,时间为150～180min;产品的粘度大于550mPa·s,取代度大于0.65,有效成分大于85%,氯化物小于3%.     

羧甲基淀粉的合成及其在印花糊料中的应用

以玉米淀粉和氯乙酸为主要原料,以乙醇为介质,采用有机溶剂的分步加碱法自制羧甲基淀粉(CMS).全面考察原料配比、水用量、反应时间、反应温度等各种工艺条件对羧甲基淀粉(CMS)取代度和黏度等理化性能的影响.确定了合成改性淀粉的最佳工艺参数,即乙醇浓度97%,氯乙酸与淀粉的摩尔比为1.25,氢氧化钠与淀粉的摩尔比为2.8,碱化温度37℃,碱化时间1h,醚化温度65℃,醚化时间4.3h.在最佳条件下制备的羧甲基淀粉的取代度为0.88,质量分数为4%的原糊黏度为6 650mPa.s.通过对羧甲基淀粉(CMS)黏度、流变性、印花得色量和脱糊率等理化性能和印花效果的测试,发现其作为活性染料印花糊料具有假塑性好、稳定性高的优势,可以在某种程度上取代海藻酸钠.     

溶剂法制备高取代度马铃薯羧甲基淀粉的研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,乙醇为溶剂,用溶剂法制备高取代度羧甲基淀粉。应用正交设计法研究了影响淀粉羧甲基化反应的各种因素,确定了制取高取代度（DS＆gt;1.3）羧甲基淀粉制的反应条件是：醚化温度50℃,醚化时间120min,原料最佳摩尔比：n（淀粉）：n（氯乙酸）=1：3,n（氢氧化钠）：n（氯乙酸）=2.5：1。     

微波合成羧甲基壳聚糖

介绍了在微波条件下，以氯乙酸为改性剂制备羧甲基壳聚糖。探讨了反应时间、投料比和多次羧化等工艺条件对壳聚糖羧甲基化程度及产物收率的影响，并对产物进行了红外光谱分析。确定了制备羧甲基壳聚糖的最佳反应条件：氨基葡萄糖单元：氢氧化钠：氯乙酸=1：20：12(摩尔比)，氨基葡萄糖单元：异丙醇=1：40(摩尔比)，w碱=0．45，碱化温度为30℃，碱化时间为1h，羧化时间为30min，羧甲基壳聚糖取代度和收率分别达到0．95和95％。研究了多次羧甲基化反应对羧甲基壳聚糖取代度的影响，其取代度可进一步提高到1．70。     

用纸浆制备高粘度羧甲基纤维素钠的工艺研究

以纸浆为原料,经过碱煮去除纸浆中的半纤维素、果胶和木质素等杂质得到纤维素,再经一锅法通过碱化、醚化得到羧甲基纤维素钠.着重考察了碱煮浓度、碱煮时间对纸浆中纤维素提取率的影响,研究了原料配比、碱化醚化温度、时间以及加入的硼酸钠量等因素对产品粘度及产率的影响.结果表明,当碱煮浓度为10%,碱煮时间1h时,纸浆中纤维素提取率可达70%;当纤维素∶碱∶氯乙酸∶硼酸钠质量比为1∶1.1∶1.2∶0.06,碱化醚化温度分别为25℃和75℃,碱化醚化时间分别为2h和3h时,产品产率高达80%,室温下测得1%的产品水溶液粘度高达1780mPa·s.     

沙蒿子多糖的阳离子化改性研究

以沙蒿子多糖原粉为基料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(HAT)为阳离子醚化剂,异丙醇为分散剂,在碱的催化作用下,制得阳离子化沙蒿子多糖。研究了碱化、醚化温度和时间以及碱醚比和醇水比对最终产品冷水溶解性和透光率的影响。结果表明:当m(异丙醇)∶m(蒸馏水)=3.5∶1,n(氢氧化钠)∶n(阳离子醚化剂)=1.5∶1,反应工艺条件为加入碱后直接升温醚化,醚化温度为60℃,醚化时间为3.5h时,与未改性的原粉相比,产品的冷水溶解性明显提高,透光率达到80%以上。用FTIR和DSC对其结构和耐热性进行了分析。     

响应面法优化薤白多糖的羧甲基化修饰工艺及抗氧化活性研究

采用氯乙酸法对醇沉法得到的薤白多糖(PAM)和柱层析纯化的3种分级薤白多糖进行羧甲基化修饰,以氯乙酸浓度、反应时间和反应温度为自变量,修饰产物的羧甲基取代度(DS)为响应值,应用响应面设计法确定羧甲基化修饰的最佳条件,用H2O2/Fe2+体系法和邻苯三酚自氧化法测定修饰产物的抗氧化活性.结果表明:薤白多糖氯乙酸法修饰的最佳条件为氯乙酸浓度1.3 mol/L、反应温度63℃、反应时间3.2 h.此条件下羧甲基取代度为0.882.羧甲基化修饰能提高薤白多糖的体外抗氧化活性.     

改性木薯淀粉的制备及其对焦化废水絮凝效果研究

目的 合成可生物降解的炼焦废水絮凝剂-羧甲基淀粉(CMS),并对其絮凝效果进行研究.方法 用ClCH2COOH对木薯淀粉(St)进行改性,采用乙醇作为溶剂,分两步合成CMS.结果 实验结果表明,改性木薯淀粉较佳制备条件:nSt(M=162)∶nClCH2COOH=1∶1,n NaOH∶n(ClCH2COOH)=2.5∶1,碱化温度35 ℃,醚化温度50 ℃.获得改性木薯淀粉处理焦化废水工艺条件,在淀粉取代度为0.37,投入量为50 g/L废水,反应温度为40 ℃,搅拌时间为10 min,静置时间为30 min时,处理效果最好,对焦化废水浊度去除率高达79.5 %以上.结论 改性木薯淀粉对焦化废水浊度有明显降低效果,但用量大(50 kg/m3废水)和对于废水中的CODCr去除率低依然需要深入研究.     

非质子溶剂法制备羧甲基壳聚糖

研究了一种制备羧甲基壳聚糖的新方法——非质子溶剂法,即以壳聚糖为原料,在碱性条件下以1,4-二氧六环为溶剂和氯乙酸发生亲核取代.探讨了不同碱度、投料比、温度、时间及催化剂用量等反应因素对制备高取代度羧甲基壳聚糖的影响.结果表明:在碱浓度为35%、反应温度50℃、投料比1∶6、反应时间6 h、催化剂用量5%时,产品达到最佳取代度为2.23,优于文献上的水溶剂法和醇水混合溶剂法.此外还对羧甲基壳聚糖进行了红外光谱和X-衍射表征。     

溶剂法制备高粘度羧甲基淀粉

以玉米淀粉为原料,乙醇为溶剂,用溶剂法制备高粘度羧甲基淀粉。应用正交设计法研究了影响淀粉羧甲基化反应的各种因素,通过检测粘度确定了制取高粘度羧甲基淀粉的最佳反应条件:淀粉、氢氧化钠、氯乙酸的浓度分别为0.7、0.586、0.36 mol/L,乙醇质量分数为0.85,醚化时间为1 h,醚化温度为50℃。通过实验获得粘度为1 128 mPa.s的羧甲基淀粉产品。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.