嫦娥三号软着陆预测及优化模型

本文是对2014年全国大学生数学建模竞赛A题的解答.本文利用动力学模型,基于变推力发动机结合螺旋搜索等算法解决了嫦娥三号软着陆预测及优化问题.在问题一中,首先建立物理学模型,解出嫦娥三号着陆准备轨道近、远月点速度大小;然后在主减速阶段,建立了主减速变推力动力学模型,对主减速阶段嫦娥三号所经过的极角θ进行求解,加以考虑月球自转带来的影响,确定着陆准备轨道近月点和远月点的位置以及嫦娥三号在近、远月点的速度方向.在问题二中,建立变推力发动机燃耗优化模型对于问题一中的主减速阶段进行优化;以安全半径与速度增量为指标建立综合评价模型,求出粗避障式安全的降落范围;精避障阶段以保证安全为前提,建立评价指标为不平坦程度与平均坡度的综合评价模型确定精确降落区域.最后根据对每个阶段建立的力学模型,进行求解.最后综合起来确定嫦娥三号的着陆轨道和在6个阶段的最优控制策略.在问题三中,建立误差模型对设计的着陆轨道和控制策略做相应的误差分析,并且利用单因素敏感性分析对主减速阶段与剩余4阶段进行自变量与因变量敏感度计算.     

嫦娥三号的软着陆轨道设计与控制策略

嫦娥三号的软着陆轨道设计与控制策略,是根据嫦娥三号软着陆过程六个阶段的运动状态及其月面的数字高程图,建立动力学模型,依据能量守恒原理与各阶段状态要求,通过控制推力方向缩短发动机工作时间来节省燃料,利用Matlab软件,最终得出嫦娥三号的软着陆最优控制策略以及各阶段轨迹方程.     

嫦娥三号软着陆轨道优化设计与研究

在嫦娥三号软着陆轨道优化设计中,以燃料最省和着陆安全为主要目标,结合实测数据和实际要求,对嫦娥三号软着陆过程进行分析,并对各阶段控制策略进行规划,运用MATLAB对嫦娥三号的着陆轨道进行了模拟优化设计,最终确立最优落月轨迹.通过建立误差分析和敏感性分析模型,对设计的着陆轨道和控制策略进行可行性分析,获得影响着陆器安全着陆的主要因素,为今后更深层次的月球探测和轨道优化提供理论依据和方法支持.     

嫦娥三号软着陆轨道模型及最优控制策略

基于嫦娥三号在月球预定区域内实现软着陆的轨道设计要求,建立着陆轨道设计与最优控制策略模型。首先,利用月心惯性参考系建立着陆准备轨道位置模型,确定近月点和远月点的位置;利用开普勒第二定律、机械守恒定律建立卫星速度模型,得到近月点和远月点的速度。然后,利用微分方程理论建立着陆轨道模型,得到主减速阶段的最优化策略;利用灰度值理论和Matlab软件,得到快速调整阶段,避障阶段,缓速下降阶段的最优化策略。     

嫦娥三号软着陆轨道设计与控制策略

针对嫦娥三号软着陆的问题,根据霍曼转移轨道的原理和能量守恒公式计算出嫦娥三号在近远月点的速度.建立坐标系,求出近远月点的经纬度,从而确定了嫦娥三号的着陆准备轨道.以消耗燃料最少为目标对软着陆的6个阶段进行仿真,提出最优控制策略.如在主减速阶段通过构造约束条件确定最优控制参数.粗避障阶段用螺旋前进搜索算法,向外识别平坦度寻找最佳着陆区.同时运用高斯模糊算法减小计算量.经过对比,模拟结果与实际结果比较接近.     

我国探月工程迈出新步伐“嫦娥三号”成功落月

<正>2013年12月2日1时30分,我国在西昌卫星发射中心用"长征三号乙"运载火箭,成功将嫦娥三号探测器发射升空。"嫦娥三号"奔月飞行约需112小时,期间视情况进行轨道修正。2013年12月6日,"嫦娥三号"飞行至月球附近,成功实施近月制动,顺利进入距月面平均高度约100千米的环月轨道;2013年12月10日,"嫦娥三号"按照既定控制策略自主完成环月降轨控制,顺利降至100千米×15千米环月轨道,进入软着陆准备     

嫦娥玉兔观天看地

<正>嫦娥三号肩负三类科学探测任务,开启探月新征程。"嫦娥"和"玉兔"携带了哪些科学探测设备?它们是如何完成这些任务的?2013年12月14日2l时11分18.695秒,嫦娥三号成功着陆在月球虹湾区。这是我国首次在地外天体软着陆,成为继美国与前苏联之后世界上第三个实现地外天体软着陆的国家。嫦娥三号是中国国家航天局嫦娥工程第二阶段的登月探测器,它包括月球软着陆器(简称着陆器)和月面巡视器(简称     

从奔月之旅看嫦娥三号的七大首创

正"嫦娥抱玉兔,逐梦广寒宫",承载着中国首次地外天体软着陆和巡视探测任务的嫦娥三号月球探测嚣,去年12月2日1时30分从西昌卫星发射中心顺利升空,中国航天由此开启了一段崭新征程。一、嫦娥三号是什么嫦娥三号是中国国家航天局嫦娥工程第二阶段的登月探测器,包括着陆器和月球车。二、嫦娥三号的使命嫦娥三号携带着中国的第一艘月球车——"玉兔号"月球车,在成功突破月球软着陆后开展月面巡视勘察、月面生存、深空测控通信与遥控操作     

嫦娥三号软着陆轨道设计与控制策略优化模型

在已知近月点速度和速度方向的情况下,借用开普勒定律和能量守恒定律建立方程,得到嫦娥三号在着陆准备轨道上远月点的速度和近、远月点的经纬度。针对嫦娥三号软着陆的6个阶段,通过对各个阶段的受力分析,得到描绘该阶段的运动方程,然后以最小燃料消耗为规划目标,建立变质量恒推力优化模型,对相关变量进行离散化处理,经过LINGO计算得到各个阶段最优化燃料消耗量和运行时间。关于对着陆位置的选取部分,使用MATLAB对数字高程图进行数字化处理,将其转化为相应矩阵后,设定智能自动筛选算法对矩阵进行数据处理,得到目标区域比较精确的位置。     

基于遗传算法的嫦娥三号软着陆轨道设计

嫦娥三号是我国航天器首次在地外天体的软着陆和巡视勘探,而软着陆又是所有探测月球活动中最为关键的技术。该文利用飞行器动力学方程和能量守恒定律得出有关燃料和时间的方程。然后将遗传算法应用于着陆轨道的优化设计,通过MATLAB程序实现,给出了飞行状态和控制变量的仿真结果,得到了燃料最优的软着陆轨道。仿真结果表明,遗传算法可搜索到全局最优的着陆轨道。并对所得的制导轨道进行误差估计和敏感性分析。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.