秋季欧亚波列对我国秋季降水和表面气温的影响

从Kosaka的丝绸之路遥相关定义出发,计算了秋季欧亚波列指数,并对秋季欧亚波列与东亚大气环流以及中国秋季降水和温度的关系进行了研究.诊断结果表明:秋季欧亚波列与中国东北秋季降水正相关,与华西秋雨负相关.当秋季欧亚波列正位相时,位势高度场上40°～60°N的欧亚大陆上空存在一个自西向东的"-+-"异常波列,该波列在我国东北部形成一个异常低压气旋式环流,使得东北地区降水异常偏多;而华西地区由于显著的下沉气流,以及弱的反气旋式环流及水汽供应偏弱的影响,华西秋雨偏少.另一方面,西北地区秋季欧亚波列指数与我国西北、四川北部及贵州表面气温负相关,可能是由于异常的西北气流引导冷空气南下引起的.     

华北夏季降水年代际变化与东亚夏季风、大气环流异常

利用华北夏季降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对华北夏季降水、东亚夏季风年代际变化特征及大气环流异常进行研究,发现一些有意义的结果:华北夏季降水变化存在明显的8a、18a周期,东亚夏季风变化18a、28a周期性比较明显,二者年代际变化特征明显,但华北夏季降水变化和东亚夏季风变化的周期不完全一致.华北夏季降水量变化在60年代中期发生了突变,东亚夏季风变化在70年代中期发生了突变.华北夏季降水与东亚夏季风变化存在很好的相关关系,强夏季风年,华北夏季降水一般偏多,弱夏季风年,华北夏季降水一般偏少,但又不完全一致.东亚夏季风减弱是造成华北夏季降水减少的一个重要因素,但不是唯一因素,华北夏季降水减少还与环流异常密切相关.在地面上,青臧高原地区、华北地区气温下降造成华北低压系统活动减少,不利于降水.在850 hPa层上,东亚中纬度的西南季风和副热带高压南部的偏东风、西北部的西南风异常减弱,使得西南气流输送水汽很多难以到达30°N以北的地区,而副热带高压西部外围偏东南、偏南气流输送到华北地区的水汽也大量减少,水汽不足造成华北夏季降水偏少.在500 hPa高度场上,80年代欧亚遥相关型表现与50年代相反,变为欧洲( )、乌拉尔山(-)、中亚( )形势,这种环流使得乌拉尔山高压脊减弱,贝加尔湖至青藏高原高空槽变浅,纬向环流表现突出,不利于冷暖空气南北交换.同时在500 hPa气温场上,80年代,西伯利亚至青藏高原西北部的冷槽明显东移南压到蒙古至华北地区,锋区位于华北以东以南位置,使得华北地区冷暖空气交汇减少,降水也因此减少.华北夏季降水减少是由于东亚夏季风减弱和大气环流异常造成的.     

夏半年西南暴雨洪涝灾害变化特征及其与大气环流的关系

利用中国气象科学数据共享服务网提供的1961—2017年间90个地面气象观测台站的逐日降水量,进行西南片区(四川、贵州、云南和重庆市)洪涝灾害时空变化特征的分析,再挑选其高、低值年与大气环流的关系进行讨论,最后制作高值年与低值年的差值图与相关系数图进行比较分析.研究结果表明:西南暴雨洪涝灾害主要发生在主汛期6—8月,但5月和9月也不容忽视,其中7月是洪灾发生次数最多的月份,8月其次;近57年来,20世纪70年代至80年代和21世纪10年代发生的洪灾次数整体呈明显上升趋势,而20世纪90年代整体呈下降趋势;小波分析主要存在8～9 a的年际周期变化和17 a左右及32 a左右的年代际周期变化;西南地区的洪灾高发区主要在四川盆地以东至贵州北部一带、贵州西南部和云南南部边缘地区,低值区主要在西南地区西北部;洪涝灾害与其高层、中层和低层的环流形势有较好的配置关系.     

冬季太平洋海表温度与北半球中纬度大气环流异常的共变模态

根据近50年的全球海洋和大气再分析资料,利用奇异值分解和子波变换分析方法及绕极涡分析途径,揭示了冬季太平洋海表温度（SST）与北半球中纬度大气环流异常共变模态的时空特征．结果表明,冬季太平洋SST与北半球中纬度大气环流异常之间主要表现为两种时空结构显著不同的共变模态,即年际的ENSO模态和准20a时间尺度的年代际北太平洋模态．二者在空间结构上具有明显差异．对于年际ENSO模态,海洋异常表现为典型的ENSO型SST异常分布．其主信号在热带中东太平洋,次信号在北太平洋,两者变化位相相反;大气异常主要为PNA型波列,局限于太平洋一北美地区,具有局域性特征,对于年代际北太平洋模态,SST异常则主要限于中纬度北太平洋地区,表现为北太平洋中西部与北美西岸SST异常呈反相变化;大气异常则表现为整个中纬度西风带上纬向波列分布,具有纬向全球性特征,即不仅与PNA遥相关型联系,而且与太平洋上游的欧亚大气环流异常也有密切关系,当中纬度北太平洋异常冷时,则中纬度大气整个定常槽脊系统加强,反之,则减弱．进一步对大西洋分析表明,年代际北太平洋模态的产生很有可能与“两个海洋与一个大气”的耦合相互作用机制有关．     

长江中下游地区1月降水变化特征

利用58a长江中下游地区25个站的1月降水资料和逐年1月大气环流资料,分析了长江中下游地区1951-2008年1月份的降水变化特征。结果表明:长江中下游1月降水总体呈4.44mm/10a的增加趋势,存在10-12年的年代际周期和4年左右的年际周期,且在1988年出现了从减少趋势到增加趋势的突变点。长江中下游1月降水的趋势系数分布为全区一致增加,且趋势系数由北向南增加。     

鲁中山区地质灾害的气候特征分析

 利用1950—2010年鲁中山区的地质灾害资料,对61a来鲁中山区地质灾害的气候特征进行了分析。结果表明,(1) 鲁中山区发生地质灾害主要集中在7月中旬至8月中旬,其中7月中旬出现频数最高,是发生地质灾害的主要旬份,鲁中山区地质灾害主要以暴雨型地质灾害为主;(2) 鲁中山区出现泥石流、滑坡多发区在鲁中山区南部和西部一带,其中尤以南部为最多,鲁中山区的泥石流滑坡在6—8月有逐月向北推进的趋势;(3) 鲁中山区发生地质灾害的年代际变化明显,20世纪60年代和90年代为地质灾害多发生期,80年代和50年代为地质灾害少发生期,近61a来鲁中山区存在显著的10—15a的年代际尺度和3—6a年际尺度的周期变化;(4) 鲁中山区中南部在大暴雨情况下发生地质灾害的可能性大,西南部、中东部在大雨以上情况下发生地质灾害的可能性大。降水时间、空间分布与地质灾害关系密切,发生地质灾害日不同雨量等级与前期降水条件的相关性较大。     

临沧市近46年秋季旱涝分布规律初探

应用临沧市各县（区）1961～2006年9～11月秋季降水量资料,统计分析临沧市秋季旱涝的时空分布特征,秋季降水每10年变化特征以及秋季降水异常情况,结果表明,临沧市秋旱多于秋涝,20世纪90年代,是临沧市旱涝多发期,21世纪初期是临沧市秋旱出现频率最高时段;秋季旱涝分布不均,北部与南部较西部和东部多,且南部多于北部;46年来,临沧市秋季降水呈偏少趋势,共出现秋季降水异常12站次,占总站次的3．3％。     

近百年高低层大气环流的演变特征及其与中国降水变化的关系

 分析了101 a北半球低层和高层大气环流(包含四大涛动及W,C,E 3种环流型、副高强度)的演变特征,并讨论了大气环流因子的年际和年代际变化与中国降水的关系.结果表明,无论是高层还是低层大气环流特征随时间尺度的不同而不同,最显著的变化是7 a以下的年际变化.低层因子的年际变化比对流层因子明显;对流层因子的气候基本态的变化比低层因子明显.SO是低层因子中发生年际变化的强信号,NPO是低层因子中时间尺度28 a以上变化的强信号.副高是对流层中发生年际变化的强信号,E型环流是对流层中时间尺度28 a以上变化的强信号;中国近百年的降水量变化有显著的小于3.5 a,3.5~7 a,7~14 a的周期变化;中国降水和高、低层大气环流因子之间存在明显的同时相关和滞后相关关系.同时相关中,影响中国降水的主要因子为:W,NPO,SO;滞后相关中,影响中国降水的主要因子为:W,NAO,AO,E.     

1958—2007年吉林省降水量的时空分布特征

利用吉林省21个气象站1958—2007的逐日降水资料,采用EOF、REOF、小波分析等方法,研究了近50年来吉林省降水资源的异常空间结构及时间演变规律.结果表明:吉林省年降水异常在空间上主要表现为整体一致的变化特点,同时还存在南北和东西的较大差异;旋转载荷向量场反映出4个降水异常区,即:南部山区、东部山区、西部平原区和中部地区;各分区在10a的周期上表现一致,4a左右的振荡周期最强,且吉林南部山区和东部山区年际降水变幅较小,西部平原区年际降水变幅较大.     

中国东部四季降水量变化空间结构的研究

利用观测资料和史料所重建的中国东部(110°E以东)71站1880—2004年的四季降水量序列,通过EOF分析得到了各个季节降水量空间分布的主要形态,并且按其特点分为两类,冬春秋季为一类,夏季为一类。利用重建的1880—1950年和观测的1951—2004年的500hPa高度场资料,分析了大气环流对各季降水异常的影响。结果表明,各季的降水异常分布形态与高空环流形势有很好的对应关系,并且近百年来这种对应关系比较稳定。最后研究了各季降水量空间结构的周期变化特征,结果显示各个季节降水量空间分布形态都存在高频的年际变化和低频的年代际变化。功率谱和子波分析表明,高频集中于2~4年、5~8年,而低频则集中在15年、20~25年、60年,共同代表了中国季节降水异常变化的主要周期。     

2002： The extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation

Features of an extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia in 2002 and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation were studied through diagnosis on the atmospheric reanalysis data set. Results show that the winter of 2002 is of the warmest in the recent 54 years in North Asia, which was caused by both decadal scale and interannual scale variability. The interannual variability is proved to be as the main cause for the event, and it is related to the global scale atmospheric circulation anomalies, with the strongest of them in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the middle and high latitude region of the Southern Hemisphere.     

Interannual variation of North China rainfall in rainy season and SSTs in the equatorial eastern Pacific

The rainfall in North China during rainy season （July and August （JA）） exhibits a strong interannual variability. In this study, the atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies associated with the interannual variation of JA North China rainfall are examined. It is found that on the interannual timescale, the JA North China rainfall is associated with significant SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific, and the North China rainfall and SST anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific correspond to the similar variation of the upper-level westerly jet stream over East Asia. A possible mechanism is proposed for the influence of the SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific on the North China rainfall.     

January temperature anomalies over Northeast China and precursors

This paper analyzes the large-scale atmospheric circulation characteristics of anomalous cases of January temperatures that occurred in Northeast China during 1960-2008 and precursory oceanic conditions.The January monthly mean surface air temperature(SAT) anomalies and the duration of low temperature are used to define temperature anomaly cases.The anomalous cyclonic circulation over northeast Asia strengthens the northerly flow in cold Januarys,while the anomalous anticyclonic circulation weakens the northerly flow in the warm Januarys.The negative(positive) North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) and increased(decreased) sea ice concentration in the Barents-Kara seas in the preceding month are probably linked to the cyclonic(anticyclonic) circulation pattern over northeast Asia in the cold(warm) cases.Further analyses indicate that the preceding oceanic conditions play distinct roles in the SAT anomalies over Northeast China on different time scales.Strong relationships exist between North Pacific SSTA and the SAT in Northeast China on the interannual time scale.On the other hand,the sea ice concentration is more closely associated with the interdecadal variations of SAT in Northeast China.     

Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter surface air temperature and possible causes

Using the NCEP/NCAR and JRA-25 monthly analysis data from 1979 to 2011, this paper analyzes the interdecadal variations of winter (Dec.–Feb.) mean surface air temperature (SAT) over East Asia by means of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method. Two dominant modes were extracted, with the leading mode basically depicting a sign consistent SAT variation and the second mode describing a meridional dipole structure between the northern and southern parts of East Asia. These two modes can explain more than 60% of the variance. The leading mode is closely related to the intensity of Siberian high and the East Asian winter monsoon. The second mode exhibits a notable interdecadal shift in the late 1990s, with a turning point around 1996/1997. Winter SAT in the northern (southern) part of East Asia tends to be cooler (warmer) since the late 1990. Winter sea level pressure (SLP) differences between 1997–2011 and 1979–1996 show negative (positive) anomalies over southern (northern) Eurasia. At 500-hPa, an anomalous blocking high occurs over northern Eurasia, while a cyclone anomaly appears over northern East Asia. In addition, the upper-level East Asian jet stream tends to shift northward and become stronger after the late 1990. Indeed, the interdecadal shift of winter SAT over East Asia is dynamical consistent with changes of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the late 1990s. The result indicates that previous autumn sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northern Indian Ocean and the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as sea ice concentration (SIC) in the northern Eurasia marginal seas and the Beaufort Sea also experienced obvious changes in the late 1990s. In particular, the interdecadal shifts of both SST in the North Atlantic Ocean and SIC in the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas are well coherent with that of the winter SAT over East Asia. The results indicate that the interdecadal shift of East Asian winter SAT may be related to changes in the North Atlantic SST and the Arctic SIC in the late 1990s.     

Interannual variability of Mascarene high and Australian high and their influences on summer rainfall over East Asia

Based on the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR and other observational data,interannual variability of Mascarene high(MH) and Australian high(AH) from 1970 to 1999 is examined.It is shown that interannual variability of MH is dominated by the Antarctic oscillation(AAO),when the circumpolar low in the high southern latitudes deepens,the intensity of MH will be intensified.On the other hand,AH is correlated by AAO as well as EI Nino and South Oscillation(ENSO),the intensity of AH will be intensified when EI Nino occurs.Both correlation analysis and case study demonstrate that summer rainfall over East Asia is closely related to MH and AH.When MH intensifies from boreal spring to summer (i.e.from austral autumn to winter),there is more rainfall over regions from the Yangtze River valley to Japan,in contrast,less rainfall is found over southern China and western Pacific to the east of Taiwan,and most of regions in mid-latitudes of East Asia.Compared with MH,the effect of AH on summer rainfall in East Asia is limited to localized regions,there is more rainfall over southern China with the intensification of AH.The results in this study show that AAO is a strong signal on interannual timescale,which plays an important role in summer rainfall over East Asia.This discovery is of real importance to revealingt the physical mechanism of interannual variability of East Asian summer monsoon and prediction of summer precipitation in China.     

Rainfall spectrum change in North China and its possible mechanism

The seasonal distribution of the rainfall in North China has changed greatly since 1977, with more rainfall in spring and less in July, August, and September (JAS). Wavelet analysis showed that the JAS rainfall underwent an abrupt spectrum change in the mid-1960s. Its interannual variability has declined while the interdecadal component has become the dominant mode, associated with the dry climate. Correlation analysis found that the JAS rainfall is negatively correlated with the departures of the 500 hPa geopotential height significantly over the northwest and southwest of China, and positively correlated with the suer monsoon over eastern China. Therefore, the interdecadal ascending of the air pressure in northwestern China and the monsoon decaying over East Asia in the past 20 years may be the two major causes of North China drought.     

Linear relationship between the interdecadal and interannual variabilities of North China rainfall in rainy season

Interdecadai and interannuai timescales are dominant in the North China rainfall in rainy season (July and August). On the interdecadai timescale, the North China rainfall exhibited an abrupt decrease at the end of 1970s. In this study, we examined the effect of this abrupt rainfall decrease on the association between rainfall and circulation on the interannuai timescale, and found that the interdecadal variation does not change the physical mechanism responsible for the interannuai variation of North China rainfall.There is a linear relationship between the interdecadai and interannuai variabilities of North China rainfall in rainy season.     

年际和年代际气候变化的全球时空特征比较

5利用1950－1998年全球海洋同化分析资料和全球大气再分析资料，分析比较了全球海气系统年际和年代际变化的主要时空特征。结果表明：1）全球上层海洋年际变化主要为位于热带太平洋的ENSO模态，年代际变化最显区域中纬度海洋、赤道外热带东太平洋和大西洋及南半球高纬度区域；2）全球大气年际和年代际变化均主要位于中高纬地区尤其是两极地区，在年际时间尺度上，气温异常和气压异常没有明显的对应关系，但在年代际时间尺度上，气温增暖（变冷）常常伴随着气压的降低（升高）；3）在年际时间尺度上，发生在中高纬度陆地地区的大气年际变化和主要发生在热带海洋的上层海洋年际变化没有一致性的内在联系，前主要表现为大气内部（浑沌）变化，而后主要为热带海气相互作用产生的ENSO变化；4）在年代际时间尺度上，全球海洋大气系统大约在20世纪70年代均一致性地经历了一次跃变，其结果导致80年代以来，全球大范围地区（尤其是两极和西伯利亚地区）气温明显偏暖，赤道两侧的热带东太平洋、北美和南美西海岸及非洲西海岸等海域海表温度偏高，伴随着这种全球大范围背景增暖现象，青藏高原北部地区和格陵兰岛气温具有变冷趋势，而中纬度北太平洋和南半球高纬度海域海表温度也表现为降低。     

前汛期惠州市强降水气候突变及其环流特征分析

 惠州市地处气候年际变化显著的东亚季风区,近几十年来前汛期强降水事件频繁,尤其自20世纪90年代以来有很多暴雨灾害发生。为了客观地分析惠州前汛期强降水事件的异常情况,利用1967-2009年惠州市降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了前汛期惠州强降水的气候变化及其环流特征。结果表明：前汛期惠州市总降水量和暴雨量大,暴雨日数多;它们的年际变化一致,无明显趋势变化。但自1990年代中期至今,强降水异常有增多且强化的趋势。进一步对比惠州前汛期强降水异常事件突变前后的环流特征,强降水偏多（少）年,突变前后低纬地区均呈现偏南（东北）气流异常,而引起强降水偏多（少）年突变的环流形势差异,主要表现为突变后冷空气作用明显,低层北风分量增强;突变前后物理量的差异则主要表现为,突变后强降水偏多年高、低层散度梯度加大,垂直上升运动偏强,对流性不稳定加大,强降水偏少年上述物理量的变化相反;以上差异特征均导致突变后强降水偏多年更易引发或加剧强降水异常,强降水偏少年更不易于强降水的发生。     

Spatial teleconnection pattern between Indian Ocean Dipole and the southern high-latitude sea level pressure field

Sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies over the southern high latitudes associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IOD) are investigated. Partial correlation and composite analysis depict, for the first time, the seasonal spatial variability in the relationship of SLP field in Southern Ocean with IOD. Results suggest that the IOD signal exists in the southern high latitudes and it is enhanced in boreal autumn, an active season of IOD. On interannual to subdecadal timescales, the spatial teleconnection pattern exhibits a wavenumber-3 pattern around the circumpolar Southern Ocean and the lead-lag correlation analysis shows that there are about 3 months of SLP anomalies in southern high latitudes lagging IOD, which indicates that the response time is almost instantaneous.