江汉平原秸秆焚烧污染物排放的估算

为了解江汉平原地区秸秆焚烧的危害, 通过入户调查确定该地区主要农作物秸秆露天燃烧的比例, 用排放因子法估算2010 年该地区主要农作物秸秆焚烧排放的大气污染物量, 结合入户调查的结果、MOD/ MYD14A1 和GLC2000-China 的地表覆盖数据, 分析该地区农作物秸秆焚烧排放的时空分布。结果表明, 2010 年江汉平原秸秆焚烧共排放73.3 Gg (1 Gg=109g) PM2.5, 18.6 Gg OC, 3.27 Gg BC, 7763 Gg CO2, 238 Gg CO, 10.6 Gg CH4, 28.6 Gg NMHCs, 0.382 Gg N2O, 5.74 Gg NH3, 8.26 Gg SO2 和17.1 Gg NOx, 其中5 月、9 月和10 月是秸秆焚烧的高峰期。在所有县市中, 监利县、仙桃市和天门市是秸秆焚烧排放最多的3 个地区, 荆州市市辖区是单位面积农田上秸秆焚烧PM2.5 排放最高的地区; 在所有的农作物中, 水稻秸秆焚烧对排放的贡献最大, 其次是油菜和小麦。     

Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China

Detailed high-resolution emission inventories of primary particles(PM2.5,BC and OC) and pollutant gases(SO2,NOx,NH3,CO and VOCs) for China in 2007 were constructed on the basis of the latest fuel consumption data,mostly at the county level,and from socio-economic statistics and data on fossil and biomass fuels obtained from government agencies.New emission factors reflecting local features were also used.The calculated emissions were 13.212 Mt PM2.5,1.4 Mt BC,2.946 Mt OC,31.584 Mt SO2,23.248 Mt NOx,16.017 Mt NH3,164.856 Mt CO and 35.464 Mt VOCs.The national and regional emissions were gridded with 0.5°× 0.5° resolution for use in air quality models.Larger emissions were found in eastern and central China than in western China.The emissions estimated here are roughly equal to those obtained in previous studies,but with different contributions from because of seasonal changes in residential heating and biomass combustion.Finally,uncertainties in inventories were analyzed.     

中国秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放时空分布

秸秆露天焚烧过程中释放的各种气态污染物和颗粒物,是我国大气污染的重要来源之一。本研究通过问卷调查和模型计算,确定了我国秸秆露天焚烧的活动水平,采用排放因子法建立了我国秸秆露天焚烧一次大气污染物的排放清单,并分析了其时间和空间分布特征。根据问卷调查结果,我国农村平均秸秆露天焚烧比例为18.59%,焚烧量最大的为农业发达的华东和华北地区,高峰在10月前后。2006年,我国生物质露天焚烧主要大气污染物的排放量为PM2.5217万t,BC4.9万t,OC48万t,SO26.0万t,NOx36万t,NMVOC87万t,CO731万t,CO215450万t,CH437.4万t,NH38.4万t。     

生物质燃烧对长春市区细颗粒物影响分析

为确定长春市周边地区生物质燃烧对市区细颗粒物污染的影响,采用2013年秋季至2014年冬季长春市劳动公园和净月潭公园2个监测点位的细颗粒物成份谱分析数据,以K~+为指示性指标,OC为参考性指标确定了长春市区细颗粒物污染在春秋季与生物质燃烧呈现强相关关系。而对于长春市市区,生物质燃烧影响为外来源影响,主要来自周边地区农田秸秆的露天焚烧。应结合长春市自然经济区域特点制定有效的管控措施应对春秋季节的秸秆集中大量焚烧,以减轻对长春市区细颗粒物污染的影响。     

基于蓄积量和产量的中国天然源VOC排放清单及时空分布

以中国植被为对象, 基于森林、草地资源清查和统计年鉴提供的各类植被蓄积量、产量资料以及《中国植被图(1:1000000)》提供的植被构成资料, 通过将蓄积量、产量换算成叶生物量, 并应用Guenther提出的光温影响模型估算中国各植物的VOC排放量, 建立了中国天然源VOC排放清单, 并探讨了VOC的来源组分和时空分布规律。结果表明: 2003年中国植被VOC总排放量为12.83 Tg, 其中异戊二烯7.45 Tg (58%)、单萜烯2.23 Tg (17%)、其他VOC 3.14 Tg (25%); 不同植物的VOC排放量差异较大, 各类型植被排放贡献率为森林 (61%)>灌丛(27%)>农作物(7%)>草地(5%); 南部和东北地区为中国天然源VOC主要排放区域; 天然源VOC排放存在明显的季节变化, 夏季排放量最大; 不同龄级森林对VOC排放的贡献有所不同, 中龄林贡献最多。     

Methane emissions from terrestrial plants over China and their effects on methane concentrations in lower troposphere

Methane (CH₄) is the most important greenhouse gas and reactive trace gas in the atmosphere. Recently, it has been reported that terrestrial plants can emit CH₄ under aerobic conditions, which may call for reevaluation of the inventory of CH₄ emissions in China. In this paper, those emissions over China and their effects on CH₄ concentrations in lower troposphere were investigated. Firstly, based on the work of Keppler et al., the aerobic plant CH₄ emission model (PLANTCH4) for China was established. And by using the database of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from NOAA/AVHRR, the distribution of net primary productivity (NPP) over China was simulated, and thereby, for the first time, the amount and distribution of the newly identified source in China were estimated. Secondly, with the aid of the three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry model system (MM5-CALGRID), the effects of the emissions were studied. The results show that the annual aerobic plant CH4 emissions over China amount to 11.83 Tg, i.e. nearly 24% of Chinese total CH₄ emissions. And the major fraction (about 43%) comes from forests. When those emissions are considered in modeling, computed countrywide mean surface concentration of CH₄ is 29.9% higher than without them, with a maximum increase of 69.61 μg·m⁻³ in the south of Yunnan Province. In conclusion, to study CH₄ emissions from terrestrial plants over China may have important implications for correctly estimating the contribution of China to global CH₄ budget, and may call for a reconsideration of the role of CH₄ in global and regional environment and climate change. Supported by National High-Tech Research & Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA06A307), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006CB403706 and 2006CB403703), and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, and Nanjing University Talent Development Foundation     

夜间废气排放加重中国雾霾污染

工业和交通废气、农业和生活烟雾等污染物排放是城市雾霾的重要来源,其污染物特别是细颗粒物质对人体健康有损害。就区域而言,我国北方的污染物PM2.5、PM10、CO、SO2的浓度较高,中西部、东南部和南部较低;中国大部分地区的季节性高污染通常出现在冬季。其原因主要是因为细颗粒物排放量大,且受不利气象条件的影响,停滞的气流不利于气溶胶扩散。夜间PM2.5的浓度通常高于白天,其原因:一是由于重型车辆通常在夜间作业,而且烧烤、非法秸秆焚烧等活动一般在夜间进行,导致夜间的污染物排放量增加;二是由于夜间地面温度低,空气湍流减少而导致垂直空气运动很少,故气流停滞现象夜间尤为明显。历史上喀麦隆尼奥斯湖和印度博帕尔灾难的加剧也是由于此类气象条件所致。本研究提出夜间废气排放加重了中国雾霾污染的设想,并通过分析北京地区54511气象观测站提供的2014年每天、每小时的地面气温数据,发现减少夜间污染排放可能是现阶段减少雾霾形成的低成本措施之一。     

Spatial distribution of black carbon emissions in China

Based on the official statistics, locally measured emission factors, and the vehicular emission factor model most suitable for China, we developed a black carbon (BC) emission inventory for 2008 in China and at a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5°. In 2008, the total BC emissions in China were 1604.94 Gg. Industry and the residential sector were the dominant contributors, estimated at 695.03 Gg and 636.02 Gg of BC, respectively. Together, these two source types contributed 82.9% of the total emissions. Emissions from transportation were 194.63 Gg, accounting for 12.1% of the total. Since emission contributions from different sectors showed significant spatial diversity among the 31 administrative districts, we divided the districts into four categories: industry contribution district, residential contribution district, industry and residential contribution district, and transportation contribution district. As for energy consumption, coal and biofuel contributed 51.0% and 32.2%, respectively, of the total emissions. Spatially, BC emissions in China were unevenly distributed, higher in the east and lower in the west, corresponding to regional economic development and rural population density. High emission districts, covering 5.7% of the territory, contributed 41.2% of the total emissions. Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Sichuan were the largest contributors to national BC emissions.     

Estimated HCFC-142b emissions in China: 2000–2050

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane(HCFC-142b)was both ozone depleting substance under restriction of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer(Montreal Protocol)and potent greenhouse gas with high GWP.Controlling its emissions in China will contribute to both mitigating climate change and protecting ozone.A national emission inventory of HCFC-142b for China during 2000–2012 was established and projected to2050 based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Montreal Protocol,showing that(i)in contrast to the downward trend revealed by existing researches,HCFC-142b emissions kept increasing from 0.1 kt/y in 2000 to the peak of 14.4 kt/y in2012,making China a crucial contributor to global HCFC-142b emissions and(ii)for future emission projections,a continuous increase from 14.9 kt/y in 2013 to 97.2 kt/y in2050 was anticipated under the business-as-usual(BAU)scenarios,while a reduction of about 90%of the projected BAU emissions would be obtained by fulfilling the Montreal Protocol,namely an accumulative mitigation of 1578kt HCFC-142b from 2013 to 2050,equal to 103 kt ODP and 3504 Tg CO2emissions.Emissions from each province in 2012 were also estimated to identify key emission areas.Among the 31 mainland provinces in China(Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan were not included),Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shandong,and Guangdong had the highest emission ratesin 2012(2.06,1.85,1.52,and 1.04 kt/y,respectively);Zhejiang,Jiangsu,and Shanghai exhibit the strongest emission strength(0.83,0.59,and 0.54 t/km2,respectively),much higher than the average national level of 0.33t/km2.     

Isotopic composition of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China

In order to identify the sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in airborne PM2.5 in Hangzhou, OC and EC were oxidized to CO2 offline in two thermal steps, and their carbon isotope compositions were measured by mass spectrometer. Results showed that the average δ13COC values were -52.8‰, -48.1‰, -50.0‰ and -52.5‰ in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, and the annual average value was -50.9‰ (-85.0‰ to -35.6‰), whereas δ13CEC values were -26.4‰, -26.9‰, -26.7‰ and -25.9‰ in the four seasons, and its annual value was -26.5‰ (-30.5‰ to -23.8‰). Large differences were found between isotope compositions of the two types of carbon. δ13COC values were much smaller than those of δ13CEC, and varied in a large range, and the ratios in both spring and winter were the smallest. δ13CEC varied in a small range, and its mean values in four seasons were nearly the same. This suggests that the carbon isotope compositions of OC and EC in PM2.5 can provide useful information in distinguishing their sources.     

天津武清冬季PM2.5含碳组分的逐时观测及分析

为了解京津冀地区冬季气溶胶含碳组分浓度及变化特征, 2011年12月至2012年1月在天津市武清区针对PM_2.5中元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)及水溶性离子组分进行实时半在线的逐时浓度综合观测。观测期间EC和OC的平均浓度分别为6.0±4.8和21.5±19.2 μg C/m³, 分别占PM_2.5观测组分总浓度平均值的8%和30%。WSOC平均浓度为14.3±11.8 μg C/m³, 占平均OC浓度的67%。观测期间, 污染物浓度的大幅变化主要受气象条件控制, OC, EC和WSOC日变化特征相对不显著。观测期间大部分时间OC/EC比值稳定, OC/EC平均值为3.9。通过含碳组分与其他示踪组分的相关性分析, 初步判定武清冬季的气溶胶含碳组分主要来自生物质燃烧的一次性排放, 且影响当地的气团经过明显老化过程。约一半的OC来自一次生物质燃烧排放, 另一半来自二次生成。     

热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆禁烧与绿色农业新途径

 秸秆处理是当前中国农业与环境面临的重大挑战.分析了秸秆处理与禁烧存在的机制性困难,认为秸秆处理需要从市场经济规律寻求产业化解决途径,关键是能源利用下养分资源重回农业循环;介绍了生物质限氧热裂解新技术特点及其在秸秆处理中的优势,讨论了其产业主要产品--生物质炭的土壤和农业功效,分析了秸秆气炭联产多产品产业链的产业化前景,提出秸秆热裂解生物质炭产业化提供了既处理秸秆废弃物又促进农业增产优质安全的新技术选择,形成了以生物质炭土壤施用和生物质炭基肥料生产应用为中心的绿色农业新途径.建议国家进一步构建和完善秸秆禁烧大环境下秸秆处理补贴政策,加大秸秆收储配套服务,强化树立已经初现的秸秆生物质热裂解产业优势,通过绿色农业市场化发展带动解决秸秆问题,服务中国可持续农业.     

Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is estimated at 0.133 × 10⁶ km², suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands,Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18, 12.96, −0.28 and 45.90 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, respectively based on the transect flux studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station (HPS) from July to August 1996. Average CH₄ fluxes in the thaw season were extrapolated at 5.68 g · m⁻² according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. The CH₄ fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from −19.384–347.15 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, and the average CH₄ fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹ at each site during the observation period from April to September 1997. The CH₄ emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g · m⁻², displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH₄ fluxes also were observed at four sites: CH₄ outbursts occurred upon the spring thaw in May and June, CH₄ fluxes increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH₄ fluxes considerably. Annual CH₄ emissions from cold wetlands on the QTP were estimated at about 0.7–0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH₄ fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH₄ releasing were located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and Zoigê Peatlands.     

基于小环境舱测试的实际车内VOC浓度预测

乘用车内饰释放的挥发性有机物（VOC）严重影响车内空气质量. 车内材料中VOC的释放特性主要由3个释放关键参数表征:初始浓度C₀,扩散系数D_m和分配系数K. 文中应用直流舱C-history法测定了几种典型乘用车内饰中6种VOC的释放关键参数,并研究了温度的影响. 此外,建立了预测实际车内多源材料同时释放VOC时浓度变化的多源释放模型,并模拟实际车内环境建立了3 m3试验系统进行验证实验. 实验结果与模型预测结果吻合较好,说明通过小环境舱测定的释放关键参数能够用于预测实际车内多种内饰共存时污染物的释放情况.      

Source apportionment for urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Beijing area

Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 elements and 14 ions in particulate samples were determined by ICP-AES and IC, re-spectively. Source apportionment results derived from both Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) models indicate that the major contributors of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing are: soil dust, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhausts, secondary particulate, biomass burning and some industrial sources. We have identified both regional common sources, such as vehicular emis-sions, particulate of secondary origin and biomass burning, as well as country-specific problems, such as sand storms and soil dust that should be addressed for effective air quality control.     

2015-2020年河南省秸秆焚烧火点时空分布及影响因子研究

利用GIS技术对区域秸秆焚烧火点时空格局进行探究,能为政府监管部门提供较为全面的辅助决策依据。本文选用2015-2020年河南省SatseeFire火点数据集,利用重心转移模型和空间自相关模型分析2015-2020河南省县域内秸秆焚烧火点的时空分布格局及其变化趋势,并利用地理探测器（Geodetector）结合高程、坡度、坡向、农作物播种面积、农作物产量、GDP以及人口密度7个因子,探究火点的空间分布特征,结果表明：（1）2015-2020年火点数量呈滑坡式减少态势,夏秋季秸秆焚烧火点数量持续减少,秸秆禁烧效果明显,春冬季火点数量相对较多;（2）火点整体由西向北转移,火点重心主要集中在许昌市,呈明显的回字形转移路径;2015年火点呈较低的空间正相关水平,空间集聚性较弱,2016-2020年火点在空间上的离散分布态势明显,火点集中分布的县域不断减少,零散分布的县域略有增加;（3）2015-2020年各因子对火点影响程度的大小排序为：农作物播种面积＞农作物产量＞GDP＞人口密度＞高程＞坡度＞坡向,6年间各因子对火点空间分布的影响程度不断减弱,各因子对秸秆焚烧火点具有相互增强或非线性增强效应。     

Ca(NO3)2在酸雨胁迫作用下对小白菜的影响研究

随着经济的发展,酸雨已成为全球性的环境污染问题,我国酸雨污染出现的频率和强度也在逐年增加。如何在酸雨影响下保护农作物产量是当前酸雨相关研究的热点问题。实验选择了我国东北地区典型的农作物小白菜作为研究对象。通过模拟实验,分析了酸雨胁迫下小白菜的生理生长指标的变化,并验证土壤中Ca(NO_3)_2的添加是否可以维持酸雨条件下小白菜的产量。研究结果表明酸雨和土壤中的Ca(NO_3)_2均会影响小白菜的部分生长生理特性,酸雨的存在会影响小白菜的可食用部分的产量等指标。但是当土壤中Ca(NO_3)_2浓度增加时,会降低酸雨的影响,间接地减弱了酸雨对小白菜产量的影响。因此可在酸雨影响较为强烈的地区,通过增加土壤中Ca(NO_3)_2浓度,以降低酸雨对小白菜的影响。     

Characterization of PM2.5/PM2.5-10 and source tracking in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing

Coarse （PM2.5-10） and fine （PM2.5） atmospheric particulate samples were collected in summer and winter during 2005-2007 in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing. Elements, ions, organic/elemental carbon （OC/EC） and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined to obtain some latest information about the particulate pollution in the juncture belt of Beijing. Particulate matter levels at this site were high as compared with the levels at other sampling sites in Beijing. Pollution elements, secondary ions and PAHs were enriched in fine particles rather than in coarse particles. An obvious seasonal variation of the chemical composition of PM was observed. Source apportionment results showed that secondary components were the largest mass contributor of PM2.5, accounting for 28%; whereas soil-related sources were the largest contributor of PM2.5-10, explaining about 49% of the total mass. The abnormal levels of soil heavy metals at the electronic waste disassembly site in the upwind villages suggested the potential impact of such activities to the environment.     

Measurement of laminar burning velocities and analysis of flame stabilities for hydrogen-air-diluent premixed mixtures

The laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of the hydrogen-air-diluent mixtures were meas-ured at different equivalence ratios (0.4―1.5), different diluents (N2, CO2 and 15%CO2+85%N2) and di-lution ratios (0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15) by using the outwardly expanding flame. The influences of flame stretch rate on the flame propagation characteristics were analyzed. The results show that both the laminar burning velocities and the Markstein lengths of the hydrogen-air-diluent mixtures decrease with the ...     

浅谈工业涂料VOC的排放与PM2.5的关系

随着工业化建设,环保意识已经逐渐引起人们的重视,2013年初,北京上海等一线城市均出现雾霾现象,并引PM2.5的概念。该文通过调研及统计数据指出工业涂料VOC排放是PM2.5的重要影响因素,甚至会产生更大的危害,并进一步提出解决办法和建议,呼吁节能减排。