膜乳化法制备微小粒径单分散乳液

利用自制的SPG(Sh irasu-porous-g lass)膜乳化实验装置研究了制备具有微米级粒径的单分散乳化液体系新方法。对于给定微孔膜孔径条件下,连续相流速和乳化压强成为膜分散过程主要控制因素,对所制备乳液粒径单分散性质起决定作用。对于给定的乳化压强,连续相流速增大,制得的乳液液滴尺寸减小,乳液单分散性增强;保持较高的连续相流速,在临界乳化压强以下,逐渐增大乳化压强使得乳液液滴尺寸增大,乳液单分散性几乎不受影响,超过临界乳化压强后,乳液液滴尺寸急剧增大,乳液单分散性变差。根据上述规律确定合适的工艺条件,使用孔径为0.9μm的SPG膜进行煤油/水体系的膜乳化实验,合成平均粒径3.24μm,分散度为0.56的O/W型稳定乳液。     

制药废水膜法深度处理通量变化研究

为了深度处理制药废水,达到工业用水水质标准,对纳滤、反渗透深度处理综合性制药废水的膜通量变化进行了研究。在连续式与循环式处理模式下,研究了膜操作条件、膜通量和水回收率等因素,根据膜通量变化,确定了适合膜分离工业化应用的处理和清洗方案。结果表明：纳滤膜日常清洗中物理清洗时间为7 min、强化清洗酸洗—碱洗时间各为90 min,平均膜通量连续式为16.1 L/(m²·h)、循环式为7.7 L/(m²·h),水回收率约为73%;反渗透膜日常清洗中物理清洗时间12 min、强化清洗酸洗—碱洗时间各90 min,平均膜通量连续式为12.8 L/(m²·h)、循环式为7.2 L/(m²·h),水回收率约为74%。研究制药废水深度处理中膜通量的变化,可对制定适合膜分离工业化应用的废水处理和清洗方案提供借鉴和参考。     

聚甘油单硬脂酸酯乳化二甲基硅油及乳液表征

用聚甘油单硬脂酸酯复配乳化1 Pa.s的二甲基硅油,考察复配乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)对乳液体积平均粒径、乳液黏度、乳液离心稳定性的影响以及乳液的耐高温稳定性。结果表明:复配乳化剂HLB值对乳液体积平均粒径、黏度、离心稳定性的影响显著,选择高聚合度的亲水型乳化剂和高聚合度的亲油型乳化剂进行复配乳化,有利于形成稳定的硅油乳液。最佳乳化条件为乳化剂(二聚甘油单硬酯和八聚甘油单硬脂酸酯,HLB=10.5)、硅油和水的质量比为7∶23∶70。在最佳乳化条件下制得的乳液体积平均粒径为8.06μm,黏度为387 mPa.s,固相质量分数差为2.91%。乳液高温稳定性良好,在110℃保持5 h,乳液体积平均粒径增大至11.63μm,固相质量分数差增大至6.12%。     

分子印迹中空纤维复合膜对异丙醇/水体系的渗透汽化

以聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤为基膜,二苯甲酰-L-酒石酸(L-DBTA)为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,采用表面热聚合方法制备了L-DBTA印迹中空纤维复合膜。该复合膜对异丙醇/水体系具有很好的分离效果,对于w=0.20和0.50的异丙醇/水体系,经过一次浸膜制得的L-DBTA分子印迹复合膜的分离因子分别为2 400和5 690,通量分别为1 440 g/(m2.h)和551 g/(m2.h);对于w=0.95的异丙醇/水体系,浸膜液浓缩一倍,经过两次浸膜制得的L-DBTA分子印迹复合膜分离因子可达82 100,渗透通量可达739 g/(m2.h);对于异丙醇/水体系,通过实验,获得了L-DBTA分子印迹复合膜与一般渗透汽化膜相反的分离规律:料液温度升高,L-DBTA分子印迹复合膜的渗透通量下降;随着料液浓度的升高,分离因子出现最大值时的温度逐渐升高。     

磺化聚芳醚酮复合正渗透膜的制备及性能研究

本文采用磺化改性的酚酞侧基聚芳醚酮作为成膜材料,尼龙布为支撑材料,利用涂布法制备正渗透复合膜,考察了制膜工艺对膜正渗透性能的影响.实验结果表明:当铸膜液中含14 wt%聚芳醚酮,3 wt%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K-30致孔剂,83 wt%N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂,尼龙布支撑层目数为300目,所制备膜的正渗透性能最好.以去离子水为原料液,2 mol/L Na Cl溶液为驱动液,且两侧液体流速都为0.25 L/min时,水通量为77.75 L/(m2.h),盐通量为29.57 g/(m2.h).     

膜分离法纯化天然牛磺酸的研究

为了研究膜分离法纯化天然牛磺酸的工艺条件,利用超滤和反渗透浓缩技术,考察了Ultra-flo和卷式膜超滤系统对牛磺酸水提液中的固体悬浮物和蛋白质等杂质的清除效果.结果表明:截留相对分子质量30 000的聚丙烯腈膜平均膜通量达88 L/(m2·h),截留相对分子质量1 000的卷式膜平均膜通量为45 L/(m2·h),经两级超滤,蛋白质质量分数可降至0.2 %以下,滤液质量高,利于后续工艺.离子交换后,牛磺酸收集液经反渗透可浓缩35倍左右,平均膜通量为43 L/(m2·h).     

PVB超滤膜污染特性及其在MBR中的应用

采用连续制膜技术制备了平片式聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)超滤膜。该膜室温下平均纯水通量为0.02 L/(m2.h.Pa),对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的平均截留率为25.0%(BSA水溶液质量浓度0.5 g/L)。通过终端过滤实验,以活性污泥混合液为处理对象,分析了PVB超滤膜过滤过程中的膜污染特性。结果表明:沉积层阻力占总过滤阻力的70%以上,是PVB膜过滤活性污泥混合液过程中污染阻力的主要组成部分;将制备的PVB超滤膜应用于好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)处理生活污水中,PVB-MBR系统在膜通量12 L/(m2.h)条件下运行105 d,期间未对膜进行任何人为清洗,系统抽吸压力能够在-16~-22 kPa间维持稳定,且系统出水的主要水质指标完全符合国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级A的标准。     

两亲聚合物改性聚偏氟乙烯膜及其渗透性能

采用大分子单体法合成了含有聚氨酯丙烯酸酯链段和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯链段的两亲聚合物。将两亲聚合物添加到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)原材料中通过相转化法制得聚合物分离膜。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)表征了大分子单体的结构,用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)仪测定了两亲聚合物的分子量;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了膜表面形貌;研究了超滤膜的纯水渗透通量、截留性能、膜表面亲水性和耐污染性等性能。研究表明,随着两亲聚合物含量从0增加到15%,纯水渗透通量由纯PVDF膜的23 L/(m2.h)提高到122 L/(m2.h),膜表面水接触角下降,膜渗透通量衰减实验表明膜的耐污染性得到提高。     

长春南湖水生生态系统的初级生产（I）—浮游植物

1996年南湖浮游植物现存量(B)全年平均为3.549×107个/ L,高峰出现在8月(6.074×107个/L)和5月份(4.7917×107个/ L).浮游植物日毛产量(Pg)、日净产量(P)与日呼吸强度(R)全年平均分别为5.43g/(m2·d),2.83 g/(m2·d)和2.60 g/(m2·d),高峰都出现在夏季.浮游植物P/ R值和P/B值全年分别在0.93～2.04之间和0.38～1.10之间变动.浮游植物叶绿素a含量平均为43.0 μg/L,浮游植物初级生产力特点表明南湖属于典型的温带城市富营养型湖泊.     

一体式膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水

采用处理量为0.08m3/h的一体式膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水。实验结果表明:0.073MPa的操作压力下,膜通量能维持在0.02m3/(m2·h)这一较高的水平,且此时的最佳曝气量为150L/min。实验出水水质稳定且优于生活杂用水回用标准,可直接回用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that