通透式庭院建筑冬季室内热环境分析

通过对通透式庭院建筑和行列式建筑冬季室内温湿度的逐时测量,比较了两种不同形式的建筑室内热环境.分析通透式庭院建筑对太阳能的利用程度及其与行列式建筑室内热环境的差异.实测数据表明,由于通透式庭院建筑自然通风量较大,弱化了太阳辐射对冬季室内热环境的改善效果,但主要表现在对南向房间的影响.     

住宅建筑自然通风对室内热环境的影响

针对自然通风对住宅室内热环境的影响,选取室内热环境状况较为恶劣、风资源贫乏的重庆市住宅为例,通过i d图分析了自然通风在改善住宅建筑热环境,提高人体热舒适的可行性;并通过对典型居民住宅的现场实测数据,进行了室内平均预测投票预测不满意百分比热舒适评价。研究结果表明:即使在风资源贫乏的城市,住宅建筑良好的自然通风既能大量地节约建筑能耗,也能够极大地改善室内热环境,尤其是过渡季节及夏季阴雨天气。     

老年人与非老年人自然通风住宅热适应模型对比研究

ASHRAE、EN15251标准推荐热适应模型作为自然通风建筑热环境评价与设计的依据,但并没有考虑老年人生理机能下降可能引起的差异.对寒冷地区大连119名老年人和106名非老年人自然通风住宅热适应模型进行对比研究,结果表明:自然通风条件下老年人更喜欢偏冷的热环境,老年人的热中性温度为21.33℃,低于非老年人的22.99℃;80%的老年人可接受的操作温度范围为16.07~22.78℃,低于80%非老年人的18.91~24.59℃;这个结果可能与老年人衣着量更大有关.老年人与非老年人春秋季首选的热适应措施均是增减衣物,夏季则是开窗通风;但是老年人更倾向不使用空调和采暖设备,并且对室内热环境和自然通风的满意率更低.老年人作为需要特殊关注的弱势群体,应用热适应模型进行老年人居住热环境设计时应充分考虑其生理特点;增加热环境的可调节性、加强自然通风对提升热环境满意度有较大的潜力.     

窗户传热系数对自然通风建筑室内热环境的影响

窗户传热是影响自然通风建筑室内热环境的重要因素。运用EnergyPlus模拟程序分析了窗户传热系数对夏、冬季自然通风建筑室内热环境的影响,并引入不利因子和热环境偏离温差来评估降低窗户传热系数改善室内热环境的潜力和效果。结果表明:在冬季通过降低窗户传热系数来改善室内热环境的潜力较大,而夏季则可以忽略;减小窗户传热系数不仅可大幅缩短冬季室内操作温度处于不可接受范围内的时间,还可使热环境偏离温差直线下降。通过探究不同窗户传热系数对室内热环境的实际影响,得出了窗户传热系数与热环境偏离温差的关联式。     

高大空间热分层实测和自然通风潜力分析

在自然通风建筑中,垂直方向上温度分布影响着热压通风。现对南京某单体大空间自然通风建筑垂直方向上温度进行实测,得出在九月份垂直温度呈线性变化,梯度在0.1~0.24℃/m范围内。将温度分层结合已有的热压模型,通过CFD模拟验证模型准确性,用Matlab计算分析建筑上下开口比Rab、室内热源q和垂直温度系数α对室内温度和自然通风量的影响,发现室内温度随着建筑上下开口比Rab和室内热源q的增大而增大,随着垂直温度系数α的增大而减小;建筑的自然通风量受室外温度影响较小,随着上下开口比Rab、室内热源q和垂直温度系数α的减小而减小。计算某高大空间在南京、重庆和广州各月的热压通风量和室内温度,结合热舒适模型确定满足基准通风量和热舒适要求的可利用上下开口比Rab范围和各月热舒适时数。结果表明:广州利用自然通风达到热舒适的时数最多,可利用的上下开口比Rab为1~9,室内热舒适时数占各月总时数的比例为35%~70%。     

安徽传统民居夏季室内热环境模拟

设计适应地方气候的建筑结构有利于节能和环保。为研究安徽传统民居对自然条件的适应性,在实测分析的基础上,采用建筑环境模拟软件DeST对室内热环境进行了数值模拟分析。将实测数据,如室外气温、太阳辐射强度、围护结构热物性参数和房间内扰模式等作为已知边界条件,通过对不同自然通风模式的室内热状况进行模拟比较,拟合出了与实测情况相符的自然通风模式。验证了:采用热惯性小、隔热作用好的围护结构和双坡屋顶结构减少建筑的太阳辐射得热对改善室内热环境所起的作用。     

秦巴山地建筑外窗遮阳与自然通风耦合作用对夏季室内热环境影响分析

提高建筑室内热舒适度和降低建筑能耗是实现建筑可持续发展的主要途径。针对秦巴山区传统建筑夏季室内湿热现象,为改善室内热环境,提出对窗口加设遮阳构件,考虑遮阳与自然通风对室内热环境的耦合作用,对遮阳构件进行优化设计。首先利用Ecotect软件,模拟分析了常见遮阳构件、不同参数下的遮阳百叶对南向窗口太阳辐射的影响,得出百叶构件对综合辐射的遮挡效果最好。其次,利用三维有限元软件ANSYS CFX分析了不同叶宽及倾角下百叶构件对自然通风的影响,得出当采用叶片宽度为200 mm,倾角为30°的遮阳百叶时,建筑自然通风潜力最大。最后,综合考虑百叶构件与辐射得热量及自然通风的耦合关系,建议选用百叶宽度为200mm,倾角为30°的遮阳构件,遮阳系数达0.3,可有效遮挡南向窗口70%的太阳辐射得热量,同时通风潜力大幅提升。     

建筑腔体对室内风环境的影响及模拟分析

腔体是超高层建筑塔楼的外向型公共空间,不同腔体的布局和尺度差异会影响建筑的室内风环境.文中研究了腔体在过渡季节通过烟囱效应的拔风作用对室内自然通风状况进行改善的可能;通过选取广州地区南向接触式腔体为研究对象,建立简化的概念模型,借助特定的风环境模拟软件对室内风速、PMV-PPD(预计平均热感觉指数和预计不满意者百分数)进行计算分析.结果显示,通过设置合理的腔体高度、腔体进出风口大小及位置,可以使大多数楼层在过渡季节获得稳定的自然通风,并使室内热环境处于人体舒适范围内.     

基于CFD的室内自然通风及热舒适性的模拟

自然通风条件下室内空气流动及其对热舒适性的影响是住宅设计的重要因素．基于计算流体力学方法,应用Fluent软件,开展了自然通风热舒适性的研究．建立了天津某小区高层住宅建筑中两种户型的计算模型,对夏季典型气候下室内自然通风情况进行了模拟分析探讨了风向、风速和气温对室内自然通风的速度场和热舒适指数的影响．得出了A型房间的通风效果要优于B型房间的结论．利用数值方法对住宅的自然通风进行模拟,不仅可以评价房间的自然通风效果,而且对于住宅户型的设计具有重要的参考价值．     

自然通风模式下开放式办公室内局部热舒适的数值分析

自然通风研究应该重点关注人员活动区域而非建筑整体的热舒适性。为了对采用自然通风的办公室的局部热环境情况进行探究,以某办公大楼为例,通过基于Fluent模拟和实地测试的方法对其采用窗户自动控制系统进行自然通风的开放式办公室的局部热环境情况进行了数值模拟。根据模拟结果,讨论了在不同的室外气象参数条件及其对应的通风控制模式下,室内人员活动区的室内预测平均评价和吹风感两个指标表现情况。结果表明,现有自然通风控制策略的室外温度选取范围偏低,在室外气温较低或强风的情况下,仍存在室内预测平均评价偏低和吹风感强的风险。研究对建筑窗户通风控制系统的优化设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-