浅谈混凝土大坝裂缝成因及其预防措施

随着社会经济的发展，混凝土结构在工程建设中得到了广泛的应用。但大体积混凝土结构如混凝土大坝在施工及运用期间极易出现不同程度、不同形式的裂缝，对结构安全和正常运用产生了不利影响，严重影响工程寿命和经济效益的发挥。为此，本文对混凝土大坝结构中常见裂缝的成因进行具体分析．并在此基础上从结构、材料、施工及综合治理等方面提出了预防措施，从而可为混凝土结构的设计、施工和管理提供一定的理论指导。     

Crucial technologies in the design of Xiluodu Super High Arch Dam

Some super high arch dams (SHADs),like Xiluodu Arch Dam,after their heights reaching the magnitude of 300 m,confront lots of technical challenges in design and construction.Several crucial technologies of 6 SHADs will be reviewed and discussed in this and consecutive papers,including Xiluodu,Jinping I in China,Baktiary in Iran,etc.,on the topics of the research method,criterion for evaluation and engineering application of dam safety analysis and evaluation,reasonable dam base interface,dam shape optimization,comprehensive treatments of complex foundation,anti-seismic engineering,dam construction material,concrete placement and temperature control,instrumentation and monitoring of dam operation,etc.This paper will mainly focus on the overall safety of SHADs,reasonable dam base interface analysis and evaluation and their engineering application.     

古洞口大坝关键施工技术

古洞口面板堆石坝坝高117.6 m,坝址覆盖层埋深超过20 m,因此,存在开挖边坡高陡、坝体基坑渗水量大、坝体填筑困难等问题困扰.针对工程上述问题,对所采用的施工技术和施工方法进行了综述,并对施工过程中存在的难点提出了相应的解决措施,可供近似工程参考.     

锦屏一级拱坝左岸混凝土垫座温度资料分析

锦屏一级拱坝左岸混凝土垫座施工浇筑过程中易产生裂缝,从而降低垫座混凝土的完整性,进而影响拱坝施工运行安全.利用2009年至今锦屏拱坝左岸垫座温度监测资料,根据左岸垫座混凝土的施工特点和实际情况,对温度监测资料进行了分析,绘制出左岸垫座温度场分布图,并对温度场分布图进行再分析.分析表明,锦屏垫座浇筑完成部分已基本处于稳定状态,温降速率较缓慢,温度测值沿高程和水平方向的变化均较平稳,温差在空间上的梯度较均匀,从而降低了微裂缝的产生.结果表明,根据不同浇筑温度、浇筑完毕后不同散热条件采取的不同冷却措施,可及时避免有害情况发生,保证垫座混凝土的施工质量,即温控措施安全有效.     

Intelligent compaction theory of high roller compacted concrete dam?

The concept and realization process of intelligent compaction for the construction of high roller compacted concrete dam were presented, as well as the theory of monitoring and intelligent feedback control. Based on the real-time analysis of the compaction index, a multiple regression model of the dam compactness was established and a real-time estimation method of compaction quality for the entire work area of roller compacted concrete dam was proposed finally. The adaptive adjustment of the rolling process parameters was achieved, with the speed, the exciting force, the roller pass and the compaction thickness meeting the standards during the whole construction process. As a result, the compaction quality and construction efficiency can be improved. What's more, the research provides a new way for the construction quality control of roller compacted concrete dam.     

Technical Breakthroughs in the Construction of TGP

1Introduction　TheThreeGorgesProject(TGP)isavitalbackboneprojectinthedevelopingandharnessingoftheYangtzeRiver.Asamulti purposehydro developmentprojectthatcanproducecomprehensivebenefitsmainlyinfloodcontrol,powergenerationandnavigationimprovement,TGPwillexertasignificantimpactonthenationalsocio economicdevelopmentofChinaafteritscompletion .Withthenormalpoollevel (NPL)at1 75m ,thereservoirhasatotalstoragecapacityof39 3billionm3 .Theprojectiscom posedofadam ,twopowerplantsandnavigationfacil…     

混凝土坝厚层短歇的快速浇筑方法及应用

混凝土坝工程投资大、建设周期长,同时存在混凝土容易开裂,影响工程安全的问题．为解决这些矛盾,分析了混凝土施工中浇筑层厚和间歇期的影响因素,介绍了厚层短歇的快速浇筑思路,提出由此产生的不利方面可用适当的温控措施予以解决．该方法在国内几个工程中实施获得成功,实现的效益显著．     

碾压混凝土重力坝结构改进和仿真应力

因坝高百米以上的碾压混凝土重力坝往往存在坝体下部抗剪能力和基岩内稳定安全度不足的问题，所以作者探讨一种结构改进措施：坝体下部采用不分永久性横缝只设人工短缝的整体式结构；坝体上部采用变高度分横缝的悬臂梁式结构。通过对我国中南地区某工程实例的仿真应力计算，即施工期的温度场和温度与累计自重徐变压力，运行期温度场和温差应力的计算，其结果表明，采用上述结构改进措施是有明显效果的。     

Key technologies for the construction of the Xiluodu high arch dam on the Jinsha River in the development of hydropower in western China

Hydropower development in China is concentrated in the country’s western regions.Among all the rivers in China,the lower course of the Jinsha River contains the richest hydro-energy resource,and therefore,4 mammoth hydropower plants are under construction on this particular section of the river at Wudongde,Baihetan,Xiluodu,and Xiangjiaba.The water-blocking structures of the hydropower facilities at Wudongde,Baihetan and Xiluodu are all arch dams of around 300 m high.In view of changes in the geological conditions at the foundation of the Xiluodu dam on the riverbed after excavation started,the designs of expanding foundation surface excavation and dovetailing the dam body and foundation rock on both upstream and downstream sides were introduced,allowing the arch dam and foundation to fit each other and improving the stress conditions of the dam body and foundation.By dividing the dam body into various concrete sections,the dynamic properties of concrete were adequately adjusted to the distribution of stress in the dam body.In addition,the use of the most optimal concrete material and mixture ratio allowed thermodynamics of concrete to satisfy the requirements of the strength,durability,temperature control and crack prevention of the concrete.Moreover,rigorous temperature control measures were introduced to prevent harmful cracking,thus enhancing the integrity of the arch dam.Furthermore,sophisticated construction machinery,scientific testing methods,and sound construction techniques were employed to ensure the uniformity and reliability of concrete placement.The "Digital Dam" for the Xiluodu project,which is based on the theory of total life cycle,has supplied strong support for construction process control and decision-making.     

泽城水电站枢纽坝型比较与选择

拟定了混凝土面板堆石坝和碾压混凝土重力坝两种坝型,通过对坝址区地形、地质争件、筑坝材料、施工条件、主要工程量和总投资方面的综合比较,最终选定基本坝型为混凝土面板堆石坝.     

藏木水电站大坝混凝土施工期温控防裂标准与措施动态优化分析

为解决高海拔、大温差高原地区混凝土坝的温控防裂问题,对西藏地区建设的首座百米级混凝土重力坝大型水电工程施工期大坝混凝土防裂研究进行总结和梳理。基于藏木水电工程大坝施工阶段现场监测资料,采用全过程动态跟踪反馈仿真分析技术,全过程反映大坝施工期的真实工作性态。根据仿真分析结果,对后期可能出现的各种风险进行预测,并对相关的标准和措施进行了动态调整和优化。     

基于ABAQUS的混凝土拱坝温度裂缝分析

混凝土拱坝在浇筑过程中,由于水泥水化热的大量产生,致使混凝土内部会或多或少地产生一些微裂纹,这些微裂纹在外部荷载的作用下,开始发展、汇集、贯通,最终形成宏观裂缝,危及坝体安全。所以对拱坝浇筑过程中产生的温度裂缝研究是一项十分重要的工作。     

混凝土坝施工管理决策支持系统

针对混凝土坝施工过程受到众多不确定性因素的影响，指出需建立混凝土坝施工管理决策支持系统来辅助施工过程的管理。根据混凝土坝施工的特殊性，提出混凝土坝施工管理决策支持系统的目标、功能要求与设计原则，并用系统模拟的方法作为辅助混凝土坝施工管理决策的实现手段，在此基础上结合三峡二期中大坝施工建立其总体结构和模型库、数据库。     

混凝土坝浇筑机械联合施工的模拟优化及其应用

在混凝土坝的施工过程中,普遍存在入仓机械联合浇筑一个混凝土仓位的情况.以南水北调中线丹江口大坝加高工程为背景,通过对入仓机械联合施工的目的、要求和限制条件的分析,建立了混凝土坝入仓机械联合施工的模拟与优化模型.模拟与优化模型以提高入仓机械利用率、加快施工进度为目标,通过对入仓机械的优化调度,产生与实际施工过程极为接近的、理想的浇筑方案.通过模拟与优化模型在丹江口大坝加高工程中的应用表明,模拟计算结果符合工程施工实际,制定的浇筑方案在实际施工中切实可行,对于混凝土坝施工的指导及其实际应用具有理论意义和工程实用价值,且在混凝土坝施工中具有普遍意义和推广价值.     

广东省天堂山拱坝蓄水期监测及应力分析

利用施工期预埋的应变计、无应力计、温度计和渗压计等对广东省天堂山拱坝首次蓄水期的坝体应力、温度以及拱座的反力等进行了实测,通过对测试结果的计算和分析,探讨了拱冠梁、拱座和坝体的应力分布及安全性．结果表明,本文所述方法对于监测和分析高拱坝的应力状态和结构安全性是十分有效的．     

辗压混凝土筑坝技术

辗压混凝土坝是近几年由美、日等国发展起来的一项混凝土筑坝新技术。本文对辗压坝混凝土（简称ＲＣＤ混凝土）的筑坝技术特点、混凝土的特性、配合比设计、施工工艺等方面的研究成果作综合阐述．以推进此项新技术在我国坝工建设中的应用．     

丹达河水电站拱坝混凝土垫座温控方案比较研究

西南地区某水电站拟修建拱坝,为改善地基质量,保证拱坝结构安全,在3号坝段和4号坝段底部设置了混凝土垫座结构.针对该水电站混凝土垫座结构,基于有限元方法,利用ANSYS软件建立混凝土垫座计算模型,使用ANSYS二次开发程序,对垫座混凝土进行了多组温控参数敏感性分析,并结合规范规定的温度控制标准,最终确定最优温控措施.仿真分析结果表明,采取最优温控措施能有效降低施工期混凝土内部的温度应力,减少混凝土开裂的风险,提高结构的安全性.为相似工程温控方案的选择提供参考.     

观音岩水坝地震动力分析

将有厚度接触摩擦单元引入具有观音岩混合坝接头的堆石体与混凝土坝段之间的接触面进行力学模拟.在堆石及心墙料的静力本构关系上采用Ducan双曲线E-B模型模拟堆石坝的实际填筑施工和水库蓄水过程,并采用非线性动力分析方法对大坝连接坝段进行三维地震动力分析,揭示了插入式接头坝段采用在竣工期和运行期的接触面的应力情况和脱开情况.对心墙料与混凝土的接触面采用动力接触薄层单元进行模拟,真实地反映了地震过程中接触面的剪切及开合变形情况.根据动力分析成果,对大坝软接头的抗震性能及抗震安全性进行评价.     

Discussion on construction and type selection of China high dams

At the beginning of 21^st century, with the rapid and steady development of China economy, a lot of large scale hydropower projects with large dams from 200 m to 300 m high are being or to be built. China dam constructions are reaching the level of 300 m high arch dam, 250 high CFRD （ concrete face rockfill dam） and 200 m high RCC （roller compacted concrete） gravity dam. Due to the safety and the economy, the type selection for high dams has become the key issue during the argumentation for the hydropower projects, and further efforts are still needed in this aspect for high dams. After reviewing the high dam constructions in China and abroad, authors proposed some advices for the selection of dam types, and hope that it can provide some helpful information for the researches and the design of high dams.     

对低坝岩基软弱夹层增稳措施的探讨

提出了对影响坝体稳定的薄层软弱夹层采取混凝土桩加固的办法。该法可增大夹层的抗剪能力，达到坝体连同部分坝基沿软弱夹层的抗滑稳定安全，避免了因采取大开挖造成的投资加大、工期加长的弊端。