内燃机优化VMD-CWD时频表征与BSNMF编码识别诊断方法

针对内燃机振动响应信号强耦合、弱故障特征的问题,提出一种基于参数优化VMD-CWD内燃机振动时频表征与BSNMF分块编码识别的故障诊断方法.利用变分模态分解(VMD)将内燃机振动信号分解成一组本征模态函数(IMF),并叠加IMF分量信号的Choi-Williams分布(CWD)获得时频聚集性良好,无交叉项干扰的振动谱图像.针对VMD分解过程中的参数选取问题,引入功率谱熵作为目标函数,对VMD的分解参数进行网格寻优,提高了VMD分解的自适应性.为了实现内燃机振动谱图像的自动识别诊断,在稀疏非负矩阵分解(SNMF)的基础上提出一种更容易收敛的分块稀疏非负矩阵分解算法(BSNMF),用来对内燃机振动谱图进行特征提取,并采用支持向量机对提取的特征参数直接进行模式识别.将本文方法应用于内燃机故障诊断实例中,结果表明:该方法能有效提取内燃机振动信号中的微弱故障特征,实现内燃机气门机构故障的自动诊断.     

基于振动时频图像和D-S证据理论的内燃机故障诊断

为抑制循环波动性对内燃机故障诊断结果的影响,引入D-S证据理论,提出一种基于内燃机振动时频图像、局部非负矩阵分解、BP神经网络和D-S证据理论的内燃机故障诊断新方法。首先采用平滑伪魏格纳分布(SPWVD)方法对8种不同气门状态的缸盖振动信号进行分析得到振动时频图像,然后用局部非负矩阵分解(LNMF)方法提取时频图像的特征参数并组成训练集和测试集,用得到的训练集对BP神经网络进行训练,再把测试集输入到训练好的BP神经网络,将输出的结果转化为基本概率赋值,用Deng加权平均证据合成规则对同种状态下不同图像的证据进行合成,并利用合成后的结果进行诊断分类。实例分析结果表明,基于振动时频图像和D-S证据理论的内燃机故障诊断方法可以有效抑制内燃机循环波动性对诊断结果的影响,能够准确诊断不同类型的气门故障。     

基于匹配追踪时频LBP谱图的内燃机气门故障诊断方法

为直接对内燃机振动时频图像进行诊断识别,引入图像纹理特征提取技术,提出一种基于振动信号匹配追踪时频局部二值模式谱图的内燃机气门故障诊断新方法。首先,为清晰刻画内燃机时频图像中的各分量信息,利用匹配追踪算法(MP)获取无交叉项干扰项且时频聚集性良好的信号时频表示;然后引入局部二值模式(LBP)生成MP时频表示的LBP谱图,并将LBP谱图的灰度直方序列作为特征参数,利用支持向量机(SVM)对故障状态进行模式识别。在内燃机4种不同气门状态的诊断识别实验中,该方法最高识别率可达99.17%,表明基于MP时频LBP谱图识别的故障诊断方法具有较强的故障特征描述能力,能够准确诊断内燃机气门故障。     

一种对称极坐标图像模糊C均值聚类的电主轴失衡故障诊断方法

为解决电主轴转子不平衡故障的可视化智能识别问题,提出了一种对称极坐标图像和模糊C均值(FCM)聚类相结合的失衡故障诊断新方法。首先对转子时域振动信号进行经验模态分解降噪,按对称极坐标方法将其转化为二维雪花图像,通过灰度共生矩阵,提取雪花图像二维特征参数;然后对已知样本信号的特征参数组建故障特征向量,标准化后作为FCM输入,得到分类矩阵和聚类中心;最后计算待测样本和已知故障样本聚类中心贴进度,实现失衡故障识别和分类。在某电主轴系统平台上完成了1 800 r/min时转子3种不同失衡状态的诊断试验,在对45组小样本识别中该方法的分类准确率达到73%。     

基于GLCM-SDAE的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

目的针对传统信号分析方法在滚动轴承故障特征提取和故障分类等方面的不足,结合堆栈去噪自编码(Stacked De-noising Auto-Encoders,SDAE)算法在提取特征和特征分类等方面的优势,提出一种基于灰度共生矩阵(Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix,GLCM)和SDAE的滚动轴承智能故障诊断方法.方法首先通过短时傅里叶变换(Short-Time Fourier Transform,STFT)将滚动轴承振动信号转化为灰度时频图,然后利用灰度共生矩阵提取灰度时频图中的故障特征参数,构建滚动轴承故障类别的特征向量空间,最后将其输入到构建的SDAE网络模型中,以实现滚动轴承的智能故障诊断.结果在轴承数据集上进行了故障特征提取和故障类型识别实验,结果表明笔者所提方法在训练集和测试集上平均分类精度均达到了95%以上.结论相较于从原始信号中提取特征的支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、深度信念网络(Deep Belief Network,DBN)等方法,笔者所提出的方法能够提高故障识别率,可有效地对滚动轴承故障状态进行智能诊断.     

采用递归图编码技术与残差网络的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对传统故障诊断方法未充分挖掘故障信号的时间序列间关联性特征的问题,将递归图编码技术引入故障诊断领域,提出了递归图编码技术与残差网络的滚动轴承故障诊断模型。采用递归图编码方式将振动信号转换为增强信号特征的二维纹理图像;将这些特征图像输入残差网络中,结合残差网络对二维图像数据优秀的自适应特征提取能力,对滚动轴承进行故障诊断。使用凯斯西储大学轴承数据集和某局机务段采集的真实机车轴承数据进行试验验证,结果表明：所提模型对轴承故障诊断的识别准确率为99.99%和99.83%;在输入不同的数据长度和变工况的试验中,所提模型均保持了良好的故障诊断效果;对比其他常见的故障诊断方法,所提模型拥有更好的泛化性能和识别准确率。     

基于高阶谱和Tamura纹理的滚动轴承故障诊断

为了提高滚动轴承的故障诊断率,提出了一种基于高阶谱(high order spectrum, HOS)和Tamura纹理特征相结合的故障诊断方法。首先,通过高阶谱方法将滚动轴承故障振动信号的冲击提取出来;然后,对高阶谱进行处理得到二维等高线图;最后依据轴承故障相同时等高线图具有相似性以及不同时具有差异性这一特性,采用基于人类视觉感知的Tamura纹理描述方法提取特征参数后输入到多分类支持向量机(support vector machines, SVM)中进行分类。结果表明：高阶谱结合Tamura纹理特征的滚动轴承故障诊断方法在较少特征参数下故障识别准确率能达到较高的精度,对于故障尺寸不同的混合振动信号识别准确率稳定,诊断效果良好。     

基于小波分析柴油机故障诊断研究

模拟柴油机气阀间隙异常的几种情况,并实时监测柴油机缸盖振动信号。采用小波降噪对各振动信号进行初步处理,采用经典傅立叶方法对处理后的信号进行功率谱估计,初步诊断各故障特征参数。进而采用小波变换方法对各信号进行小波包分解,并提取故障特征频段信号进行功率谱估计,实现精确故障诊断。     

基于时频图像GLCM-HOG特征的往复压缩机故障诊断

往复压缩机的故障诊断技术能够为工业生产提供有效保障,针对传统方法诊断准确率不高的问题,提出了一种基于振动信号时频图像灰度共生矩阵-方向梯度直方图(GLCM-HOG)特征融合的往复压缩机故障诊断方法.首先,采用小波变换的方法处理往复压缩机的振动信号,生成时频图像;其次,利用灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)和方向梯度直方图(HOG)的方法提取时频图像特征,融合构建GLCM-HOG特征;最后,将融合特征输入支持向量机(SVM)进行分类,以判别往复压缩机的运行状态.实验结果表明,所提方法对设备的状态识别准确率可以达到92.33％,能够实现往复压缩机的准确诊断.     

基于小波包分解的整循环征兆提取与故障识别

为了检测内燃机气阀漏气的气密性故障,利用小波包分解改进算法,通过对柴油机完整工作循环内的缸盖振动信号进行小波包分解,从小波包分解系数中提取柴油机振动诊断的整循环征兆.由整循环特征向量图表明,正常状态时柴油机气缸盖振动信号中低频部分能量相对较大,高频部分能量相对较小;漏气状况时振动信号中的低频部分能量减小,而高频部分能量增加,由此实现了故障的识别.这说明基于小波包分解的整循环征兆提取与故障识别方法有效、可行.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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