利用分子理论估算四氢呋喃的热物理特性参数

为了开展四氢呋喃作为发动机代用燃料的喷雾燃烧的数值模拟,对四氢呋喃的密度、黏度、表面张力、蒸气压、气化潜热、比热容、导热系数、扩散系数等随温度变化的热物理特性参数进行了估算,并基于分子理论提出了四氢呋喃各参数与温度的关系式。估算过程中应用了对比态原理与基团贡献法,通过分子状态的相对特性值或分子结构预测出了相应物性,对分子偏心带来的影响进行了修正。通过与实验值的比对,各参数关系式的最大误差均小于10%,可满足喷雾和燃烧过程数值模拟的要求;四氢呋喃在能量密度、黏度、饱和蒸气压和沸点等方面具有的优势,使其有望成为内燃机的代用燃料;运用分子理论,在较少实验值的基础上可以得到满足数值模拟要求的热物性数据。     

基于准维多区模型的DME发动机燃烧数值模拟

提出了一种基于准维多区模型的直喷式二甲醚发动机燃烧过程的数值模拟方法，其中喷雾模拟考虑了燃油分布、液滴蒸发和空气卷吸对喷雾混合的影响。自燃着火过程的模拟以二甲醚着火反应机理为基础，建立了计及温度、压力和燃空当量比因索的着火滞燃期数据库，通过将该数据库与准维多区喷雾混合模型相耦合，对二甲醚发动机的性能和一氧化氮排放进行了预测分析．实验结果表明，模拟计算结果与实测数据符合较好．     

基于RANS和LES湍流模型的二甲醚超临界喷雾数值模拟

分别采用RANS和LES湍流模型耦合KH-RT破碎模型对二甲醚超临界非燃烧喷雾实验进行数值模拟,研究两种湍流模型的适用性,并对比分析二甲醚亚临界喷雾和异辛烷超临界喷雾的发展过程。同时,基于LES湍流模型探讨了环境温度和压力以及喷射温度和压力的变化对二甲醚超临界工况下喷雾贯穿距的影响。结果表明,RANS和LES湍流模型均能较好地模拟二甲醚超临界喷雾,LES湍流模型的模拟结果与喷雾实验观察结果更吻合;与二甲醚亚临界喷雾相比,其超临界喷雾的雾化效果更好;在相同初始条件下,二甲醚超临界喷雾的雾化效果要优于异辛烷超临界喷雾;二甲醚超临界喷雾贯穿距随环境温度、燃油喷射温度和喷射压力的升高而增大,随环境压力的升高而减小。     

荷电喷雾两相湍流流场的数值计算

荷电喷雾可以有效地改善雾化质量和喷雾流场特性，因此被广泛地应用于静电喷涂、除尘、药物喷洒和液体燃料的雾化燃烧等领域．荷电喷雾湍流射流流场的数值模拟对于荷电喷雾装置的设计及确定射流喷雾的各特性参数具有重要意义、采用颗粒拟流体方法，用κ-ε-κp荷电两相湍流模型对荷电喷雾气液两相湍流流场进行了数值模拟．经与实验结果对比，该模型可以较好地模拟荷电气液两相湍流射流流场，可用于荷电喷洒机具和荷电喷雾燃烧器的设计。     

EDC模型在三维燃烧流场数值模拟的应用

采用涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,对等离子发生器内三维湍流燃烧流场进行数值模拟.燃料采用甲烷.在数值模拟时,湍流模型采用RNG模型,欧姆热电弧用等效热弧代替.数值模拟结果得出了在空气过量系数α<1情况下的流场特性参数和产物分布.通过对数值模拟结果的分析,实现了EDC模型对多步化学反应的模拟和对活性物质的预测,并为优化设计等离子发生器结构,更好地组织燃烧流场提供了依据.     

用特征时间燃烧模型模拟直喷式柴油机的燃烧

为了更好地模拟直喷式柴油机的喷雾及燃烧过程，对Kiva-3程序的喷雾和燃烧模型进行了改进，引入Kelvin-Helmholtz和Rayleigh-Taylor模型来模拟油滴破碎过程，采用改进的SheU自燃模型来模拟着火过程，为了综合考虑化学动力学和湍流对燃烧的影响，采用层流和湍流多重特征时间尺度燃烧模型来模拟燃烧过程．计算结果表明：在不同工况下计算所得的缸内压力、滞燃期和燃烧放热速率与实验结果吻合良好，着火点位于油束下游当量比略小于1的稀混合气区域；用改进的Kiva-3程序可以较好地研究直喷式柴油机的喷雾和燃烧过程，为进一步利用三维数值模拟计算来指导直喷式柴油机的参数优化奠定了基础。     

模拟发动机工况下二甲醚喷雾燃烧实验及仿真研究

在定容弹内模拟发动机实机工况的高温、高压环境(920K,6.0 MPa),借助专用共轨系统产生100 MPa压力进行二甲醚喷射实验,通过定容弹内混合气体中的氧气浓度来控制二甲醚的燃烧,使用高速摄像机观察并记录二甲醚在超临界和亚临界条件下的喷雾及燃烧形态。基于实验结果,采用FORTE软件开发二甲醚喷雾燃烧仿真模型,其中耦合了二甲醚氧化还原反应动力学模型。实验和仿真结果表明,二甲醚在两种喷射条件下的喷雾贯穿距离无明显差异,而超临界条件下的液相贯穿距离较短;与亚临界条件相比,超临界条件下二甲醚喷雾着火时刻略早,火焰举升距较小,并且燃烧时释放出了更多的热量;仿真模型较好地拟合了二甲醚喷雾燃烧实验结果。     

二甲醚和柴油高压喷射喷雾与燃烧可视化对比研究

为明晰高压喷射条件二甲醚闪急沸腾状态下的喷雾形态、自着火和火焰发展特性，通过高温高压定容燃烧弹，利用高速相机基于纹影法对比研究了柴油和二甲醚的喷雾和燃烧特性。实验中将喷射压力设置为60、100 MPa,环境背压设置为4 MPa,在喷雾、燃烧条件下环境温度分别设置为400、800 K。研究结果表明：同工况下二甲醚的喷雾贯穿距和喷雾面积均小于柴油，但其喷雾锥角大于柴油，雾化时间短于柴油，雾化效果优于柴油。随着喷射压力的提高，二甲醚与柴油的贯穿距和喷雾面积都增大，100 MPa喷射压力下二甲醚喷雾面积较60 MPa增大18.18%,而同工况下柴油增大23.5%。相比于柴油，二甲醚燃烧滞燃期和火焰浮起长度较短，燃烧持续期与柴油相当，但二甲醚燃烧火焰亮度、火焰面积和碳烟生成量明显低于柴油。随着喷射压力的提高，柴油与二甲醚的碳烟生成量均降低，但二甲醚的碳烟生成量降低效果更加显著，该文碳烟生成量用体积分数KL因子总和来表示，发现100 MPa喷射压力下的二甲醚KL总和较60 MPa减小33.3%,而同工况下柴油减小19.32%。     

二甲醚发动机燃烧过程的数值模拟

通过建立二甲醚发动机燃烧模型并耦合入KIVA程序中,使其具有二甲醚发动机燃烧过程的数值模拟能力.用数值模拟仿真计算二甲醚发动机燃烧过程,得到缸内炭烟生成量、NOx排放量、不同燃料防热率等实时数据信息.研究结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果相同,基本反映二甲醚发动机燃烧过程的主要规律.经过与原柴油机工作情况的对比分析,表明二甲醚发动机排放性能较好.     

二甲醚喷雾特性的研究

采用高速摄影和激光阴影法在压力容弹中研究了喷油启喷压力、环境介质的密度、喷孔直径等参数对二甲醚喷雾特性的影响,并与柴油的喷雾特性进行了对比,结果表明：二甲醚的喷雾贯彻度小于柴油,喷雾锥角比柴油大;随着环境介质密度的增加,二甲醚的喷贯穿度减小,喷雾锥角增大;随着喷孔直径原增大,喷雾贯穿度和喷雾锥角均增大;当喷嘴启喷压力在10．0－15．0MPa之间变化时,二甲醚的喷雾贯穿度和喷雾锥角等特性没有变化。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-