烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

含钛高炉炉渣微波合成碳化钛及其介电性能测定

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking. The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed. The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

PC总线工业控制机在渗碳炉的应用

热处理渗碳炉是目前常用的化学热处理炉,初期一般采用仪表控制热处理过程.随后,由于计算机技术的发展而逐渐采用了计算机控制,我国在20世纪80年代末引进,但由于种种原因有不尽人意之处,比如抗干扰性能差、热处理质量不稳定、废品率高、画面功能简单等.本文讲述了采用PC总线工业控制机取代Z80CPU改造热处理渗碳炉控制系统,实践证明效果良好.     

热处理工艺质量管理的一种模糊数学方法

热处理工艺质量管理是一个复杂多元系统。用模糊方法综合评判模型,全面考虑各工序对产品质量的影响,并依据现场经验、原始统计资料和热处理原理,将这些影响进行数量化处理后,得到 Fuzzy 子集 和。用计算机运算,其结果与实际情况相符。此方法可应用于现场热处理工艺管理。     

化工过程计算机集成运行系统的研究

针对国内外计算机集成过程运行系统(CIPOS)的研究应用现状,开发了面向对象的基于过程仿真的CIPOS平台,并在此平台上对一换热器网络进行案例研究,实现了该换热网络的优化控制.表明该平台可进行CIPOS决策应用的研究和开发,为将来在此平台上进一步开发研究奠定了基础.     

软轴高频热处理机线速控制系统的设计与实现

本文主要分析了软轴高频热处理机的机械特性．根据该机的动力学特性,该文提出了针对具有滞后特征的系统的线速度控制方法,并介绍了实际控制系统的工作原理和使用结果     

一种工业链条炉计算机控制模型

介绍一种燃煤工业链条炉计算机控制模型．为了实现炉内最佳燃烧与最佳传热的统一，研究了变氧量燃烧和炉内负压随负荷变化而变化的调节规律，并讨论了它们与单交叉限制燃烧控制系统的配合应用．运行结果表明，该模型可提高工业链条炉的热效率和稳定性．     

集中供热系统热力站二段换热机组系统建模及研究

研究了集中供热系统热力站二段换热机组的建模及控制问题 ,建立了换热机组的动态数学模型 .建模过程中 ,采用了时域内的建模方法 ,并对换热器内的固体传热媒质部分做了合理的折算 .控制部分采用了BangBang和PID控制相结合的方法 ,并经计算机仿真结果表明 ,该控制器具备良好的快速性和鲁棒性以及综合控制品质     

热处理电阻炉炉温的自适应模糊PID控制

热处理电阻炉温度控制具有大的滞后性、非线性、难以获得准确数学模型的特点。目前热处理炉温度控制系统中常采用的PID控制器难以进一步提高温度控制系统的控制精度,无法与PC机进行通信,难以实现对热处理数据的管理。基于模糊控制无需精确数学模型和PID控制的良好稳态控制特性,本文选用单片机结合模糊PID控制策略对热处理加热炉进行了控制,减小了系统的调节时间,提高了温度控制精度。     

一种新型可编程数字调节器在交叉限幅控制方案中的应用

本文讨论了SDC40B可编程数字调节器在热处理炉双交叉限幅控制方式中的应用.详细介绍了SDC40B调节器的特点,分析了交叉限幅控制方案的原理及采用SDC4OB调节器的实现方法.     

单片机在可控硅中频热处理中的应用

文章论述了由MCS-51单片机构成的可控硅中频热处理自动控制系统,该系统采用8031单片机作为核心,通过采集电路采集中频电源的电流、电压信号并送入8031进行处理,然后输出一个控制量去控制中频电源的输出功率,本系统还可通过键盘改变被控制功率和热处理的时间;文中还详细介绍了该系统的硬件电路和软件组成。     

电阻炉温度控制系统的设计与实现

设计和实现了一种采用工控机与温度模块、PWM输出卡、固态继电器及相关控制电路搭建的计算机电阻炉温度控制系统。该系统以PWM方式对执行器件（固态继电器）进行调节,实现了对电阻炉温度的精确控制。根据电阻炉升温单向性、大惯性、纯滞后的特点,改进了PID控制算法,采用分段PID结合积分分离或积分削弱算法的控制方案,实现了对电阻炉温度的大范围的连续调节,满足了复杂热处理工艺对温度的控制精度和控制规律的需要。