微焦点X射线测量微细颗粒沉淀两相流

建立了微焦点X射线测量微细颗粒沉淀两相流的实验系统,测量了不同粒子体积份额的TiO2变压器油悬浮液在小容器中的沉淀过程,并对所得的图像进行分析处理,获得了两相流内部颗粒体积份额的分布。实验结果表明,颗粒沉淀的速度取决于局部颗粒体积份额,局部颗粒体积份额越大,颗粒的沉淀速度呈非线性地急剧变慢,颗粒体积份额沿高度方向分布也因此呈波状分布。基于微焦点X射线透视成像的技术,在解决物质/密度场测量问题时有着不可替代的优势。     

大气中飘尘的SEM与EDS研究

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)对在城市采集的大气中的飘尘进行了形态观察和X射线微区分析.通过对保定市不同地点采集到的大量飘尘颗粒进行X射线微区元素分析,得到冬季末期城市大气飘尘所含主要元素,从而对飘尘的形成原因及来源有了基本了解.对采集到的气溶胶颗粒的微区分析,发现含有比较明显的硫,氯成分,而且主要分布在颗粒外层.这表明冬季采暖烟尘排放是造成这类气溶胶颗粒形成的主要原因.研究证明,X射线微区分析对气溶胶的形成机理研究是一种有效的方法.     

T形接头角焊缝气孔缺陷空间位置数据的自动提取

采用微焦点X射线检测系统获取T形接头焊件左、右旋转的检测图像,提取感兴趣区域,分析图像灰度分布特征,采用小波变换对感兴趣区域进行图像去噪处理。采用形态学背景模拟,结合阈值分割等算法实现了图像中缺陷的保真分割。建立T形接头焊件缺陷深度和缺陷偏移量的数学模型,提出了焊件缺陷投影距离的自动提取算法及左、右旋转图像中缺陷的自动对应准则,自动提取T形接头焊件内部缺陷空间位置数据。试验结果显示,缺陷大多分布在腹板中心线的左侧,且集中分布在焊件腹板和翼板结合面附近的位置,缺陷沿焊缝纵向呈随机分布,缺陷半径范围为[0,0.7] mm。     

人造砂岩样品多尺度微观结构表征和流体流动模拟

油气储层砂岩中的微观孔隙结构对其中流体的储集和运移具有重要影响。本文对一人造砂岩样品进行了微焦点X射线CT成像。分别采用最小二乘图像阈值分割法和数据约束模型（Data-constrained modeling, DCM）计算得到了样品组分三维分布。基于两种算法生成的样品微观结构用部分渗透格子玻尔兹曼法模拟了水在样品中的单相流动，分析了样品中孔隙分布与流体流速分布之间的关系。研究结果显示，最小二乘图像阈值分割算法可以有效提取人造砂岩样品中石英颗粒之间的大孔，但是会丢失小于CT分辨率尺度的孔隙信息。DCM模型的计算结果不仅包含了石英颗粒之间的大孔，同时包含了样品中通常与碳酸钙共存的小尺度孔隙。流动模拟的数值结果表明本文所研究样品中小于CT体元尺寸的孔隙对样品渗透率具有显著的贡献，流体进入端面处的孔隙分布对流体流速分布影响较大，流体流速分布与孔隙率分布不成正比。     

废水生物处理颗粒污泥内三维孔隙结构研究——以厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥为例

颗粒污泥的三维结构极大地影响其沉降性能和结构稳定性，但是目前缺乏对颗粒污泥内部三维结构、孔隙结构分布特征等在维持颗粒结构稳定性中的作用的研究。以厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥为对象，采用同步辐射的X射线显微断层扫描成像技术扫描颗粒，通过Avizo软件对颗粒污泥进行三维重构，获得了颗粒污泥中孔径、孔隙的空间分布和分形维数，建立了颗粒污泥的孔隙网络模型，并计算颗粒污泥的绝对渗透率，为颗粒污泥系统在污水处理中的稳定高效应用提供理论依据。     

基于CT图像的再生混凝土内部微变形演化分析

为研究早龄期再生混凝土试件在单轴受压破坏过程中内部结构的变形,采用X射线工业CT对再生混凝土试件在不同轴向荷载下的内部结构变化进行扫描观测,获得了再生粗骨料取代率分别为0、30%、50%的混凝土试件的CT图像.以CT图像中不同的灰度分布特征作为散斑结构,并将施加荷载前后的CT图像作为试件变形信息的载体,应用MatchID算法获得再生混凝土试件内部的实时位移场与应变场.变形云图直观揭示了试件在受压过程中内部微变形的演化发展过程,分析可知:相同加载条件下,试件内部变形量与再生粗骨料取代率呈正相关;随着轴向荷载增大,再生骨料取代率相同的试件其内部变形局部化特征趋于显著.文中采用的CT图像与MatchID算法相结合的方法为再生混凝土内部微变形的研究提供了新思路.     

利用X射线对原木内部缺陷扫描识别方法的研究

由于原木木质部分与内部缺陷部分对X射线的吸收能力不同,在X射线底片上形成的影像也不一样,根据一定的识别算法分析,从而对原木内部缺陷进行测定。本文的研究内容既是利用X射线的扫描图像,提出一种缺陷识别算法来检测原木内部缺陷。     

钙质砂颗粒内孔隙三维表征

南海钙质砂颗粒形状复杂,颗粒棱角突出且面孔隙与内孔隙结构发达.为了准确表征钙质砂内孔隙三维形态,本文借助高精度X射线μCT扫描技术,得到钙质砂颗粒高精度断层图像.通过对原始CT扫描断层图像切割、除噪、二值化等一系列操作,重构得到钙质砂颗粒三维图像.由于钙质砂颗粒外形不规则,因此直接提取其内部孔隙较为困难,本文通过对钙质砂颗粒的三维图像进行三维闭合运算等一系列算法的处理,较好地重构了钙质砂内部的三维孔隙.根据块状钙质砂颗粒的外表特征、内孔隙孔隙率的大小、孔径分布曲线形状以及分形维数的大小,可以大致将块状钙质砂颗粒分为两种类型.第1种类型块状钙质砂颗粒外表存在较多沟壑且内孔隙较为发达,第2种类型块状钙质砂颗粒内孔隙较不发达且连通性较低.两种类型块状钙质砂颗粒内孔隙的孔隙率与孔径分布曲线存在明显差异.同时研究发现,钙质砂颗粒内孔隙较好地符合三维分形特征,且分形维数的大小与孔隙率大小成正相关关系.为了深入地研究钙质砂颗粒内部孔隙的连通性,本文通过计算其距离图获得颗粒内孔隙的空间网络模型,对其分析得出,钙质砂颗粒网络模型的配位数分布大体趋势相同,由于两种钙质砂颗粒内孔隙形态的差异,配位数的分布也略有差异.     

基于平行PI线段的平行束CT重建

为了研究基于PI线段的反投影滤波重建方法在CT(computed tomography)系统中的应用,提出了一种基于平行PI线段的简化的平行射束重建算法。该算法首先对平行X射线束产生的投影数据进行微分,然后把这些微分后的数据反投影到一系列的平行PI线段上,最后沿着PI线段的方向对反投影数据进行Hilbert滤波,即得到重建图像。利用Shepp-Logan模型进行计算机数值模拟实验,得到了该算法和传统的滤波反投影算法的对比结果。利用微焦点X射线CT的投影数据进行重建,得到了实际数据下的重建图像。实验结果表明,该简化算法能够进行精确重建,可以应用于实际的CT系统。     

干法室温振动制备超微颗粒的理论与应用

采用振动研磨的方法制备超微颗粒的理论研究表明,外力所作的功克服了材料的内聚力使材料发生局部变形,当局部应力超过临界剪切应力时产生断裂口,裂口的形成释放了物料内部的变形能,促使裂纹继续扩展形成新的表面,碰撞过程中振动能量转化为新生颗粒的表面能、热能和化学能.扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜图像显示,研磨过程中固体颗粒于结构薄弱处发生塑性变形直至颗粒破碎,随着研磨时间的增加,颗粒不断细化,粒度分布趋于均匀.X射线衍射分析可见,样品的晶体结构和化学成分均未改变,颗粒细化过程中没有新物相产生.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-