1879年甘肃武都南8级地震的震灾特征

1879年7月1日(即清光绪五年五月十二日)在甘肃南部的武都、文县之间发生了一次8级大地震,称为武都南地震,震中烈度达Ⅺ度.本次地震造成了严重的建筑物破坏和滑坡、崩塌、次生水灾等震害和约2万余人死亡.本文简要回顾了武都南8级地震的研究历史,归纳总结了本次地震的烈度分布特征和衰减规律,重新绘制了烈度等震线图,重点对本次地震的震害类型及特征、地震形变特征和震后抗灾救灾等情况进行了综合分析与评述.总体上看,本次地震震级大,人员伤亡率高,破坏区范围广,震灾非常严重.科学总结和分析本次地震的震灾特征,对未来的大震科学研究、震灾防御和应急救援等均有重要科学意义和实用价值.     

青海玛多7.4级地震发震断裂特性及工程震害成因分析研究

根据2021年5月22日青海玛多7.4级地震现场的调查资料，分析了此次地震的发震构造特性、烈度分布和房屋建筑、生命线工程的主要震害特点，对比了此次地震和2010年青海玉树7.1级地震造成的人员伤亡以及对房屋建筑、生命线工程的影响，并对破坏机理进行了讨论，同时总结了此次地震的震害经验教训，提出了对于穿跨越断层或者近断层的土木工程基础设施抗震设防和防震减灾工作的启示.     

阿坝州地震灾害分布特点及预防浅析

阿坝州是四川省的地震多发区之一，地震强度大，烈度高，震灾破坏性大，历史上普多次发生中强地震，给国民经济建设，人民生命财产和社会事业造成了极大的破坏，本文根据州内历史，今地震震害资料，对州内地震灾害，次生灾害对自然环境的破坏特点进行了较为详细的分析，并在此基础上提出减轻震害为害的预防措施。阿坝藏族羌族自治州地区处青藏高原东南缘，中国南北地震带中段，是四川省境内地震频率高，强度大的多震区之一，地震灾害破坏大，对山体，地表的破坏尤为严重，特别突出的是州内地震诱发的次生灾害是极强破坏力和严重威胁的自然灾害之一，研究表明我国地震活动已进入一个新的活跃期，1989年9月22日不金6．6级地震的发生，已揭开了阿坝州地震期活跃期的序幕，阿坝州可能是四川今后地震发生的重要场所之一，阿坝州总面积为8．3万平方千米，其中地震基本烈度在Ⅶ度以上的地区面积近5万平方千米，约占全州面积的60％，尽管随着生产力与科学技术的不断进步和发展，抗御地震灾害的技术和方法也在不断完善，但不可能完全消除地震灾害与地震损失，特别是目前人们对地震造成的山体，地表等自然环境的破坏还无能为力，而这些破坏对社会，经济的发展造成的直接和间接损失是巨大的，并且在短时间内是难以恢复的，笔者在对阿坝州历史地震资料和现今地震震害的总结基础上，着重分析研究地震对山体和地表的破坏特点，寻求减轻这些灾害的方法和途径,并提出防预减轻灾害的防预对策措施。     

我国西南地区乡村自建民居抗震性能分析与建议

我国西南地区,近年来地震活动频繁.在2008年5.12汶川8.0级特大地震、2010年4.14玉树7.1级地震和2013年4.20芦山7.0级地震中,我国西南地区乡村自建民居的震害造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失.通过收集分析这几次地震中乡村几类主要自建民居的震害特征,分析其震害原因和抗震性能.结合近年西南地区乡村防震减灾工作情况,提出几点提高乡村民居抗震性能的建议.     

墨江M5.9地震农危改房屋震害调查与分析

墨江M5.9地震极震区烈度达到Ⅷ度.地震也是对该地区近年来农村危房改造成效的一次集中检验.为验证农危改工作实施成效,总结农房加固改造震害经验,首先,根据该区域强震动观测记录,从地面峰值加速度衰减规律和地震波频谱特性方面对地震动特性进行分析;然后,在震害调查的基础上,结合灾区建筑结构特点对Ⅶ度区、Ⅷ度区农房震害特征进行阐述,对农危改房屋在地震中的表现进行对比分析并总结震害经验;最后,结合本次震害调查从加强地震观测、加大力度推进农村危房改造、推广新技术新材料运用和重视震害调查等方面,对提高农房抗震防灾能力提出建议.     

汶川地震对村镇建筑地基破坏模式分析

“5.12”汶川8级大地震,摧毁了村镇大批建筑物,造成了大批的人员伤亡,引发了大量的次生地质灾害,如崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等.在汶川地区地质构造背景条件下,结合野外次生地质灾害和现场房屋震害的详细调研,从地震响应和破坏机理人手,分析了地震对村镇建筑地基破坏程度的影响因素,总结了汶川地震中村镇房屋建筑和地基的主要破坏模式;基于土-结构动力相互作用的理念提出了基于刚性地基和柔性地基基础分类的地震震害预防和缓解措施;同时从经济可行性的角度提出乡镇和城区分型而治、分区预防的系统构想.     

清水池震害评估模型研究

为了评估清水池的地震破坏状态,基于海城地震、唐山地震中较详细的水池震害资料,分析了水池的主要震害现象、特征,并找出了影响水池震害的主要因素.采用最小二乘法对震害数据进行回归分析,得到了各震害影响因素不同情况下的回归系数取值,从而建立了清水池震害经验统计回归模型.经计算该模型的相关系数为0.661,标准差为0.447.经回判分析,模型回判成功率为91.2％.对于模型中未考虑到的震害影响因素,根据实际震害经验,给出新增影响因素的建议系数.对汶川、玉树等地震中遭到破坏的清水池进行评估,结果与实际震害基本相符,初步验证了该评估模型的可靠性.     

汶川地震桥梁震害的特征

汶川地震中公路桥梁遭受重创,大量桥梁破坏甚至垮塌,难以修复.这些桥梁震害体现出山区桥梁震害的典型特征,为山区桥梁抗震设防提供了丰富的实例资料.在汶川地震现场桥梁震害调查资料的基础上,对汶川地震桥梁震害进行归纳、总结,提炼出该地震中桥梁震害的主要特征,为下一步继续深入探讨汶川地震桥梁震害形成机理和结构破坏过程,以及山区桥梁抗震设防对策与措施提供参考.     

汶川地震四川电网震害及功能失效研究

介绍了汶川地震对当地电力系统造成的总体破坏和经济损失情况;列出了四川地震中烈度为Ⅸ度及以上地区的国家电网四川省电力公司管辖的110kV及以上的变电站的震害状况;总结了变电站室内外高压电器设备、线路、输电塔的主要震害现象;对不同烈度区内变电站的变压器及其它各类高压电气设备的破坏频次、变电站停运状况以及功能恢复的时间进行了统计,据此总结了四川地震中烈度Ⅵ—Ⅺ地区电力设施震害特点和电力系统功能损失模式特点;分析了此次地震中电力系统遭受破坏的主要影响因素,对电力系统薄弱环节提出了具体的抗震加固措施和建议,为将来变电站地震灾害快速评估提供依据,为提高电力设施的抗震可靠性提供参考.     

广西靖西Ms5.2级地震基本情况与灾害特征分析

2019年11月25日广西靖西市湖润镇发生M_s5.2级地震,该地震震情特征在同级地震中具有很好的代表性,是研究解剖中强地震的典型震例。本文介绍了广西靖西M_s5.2级地震的地震序列,分析此次地震的余震特征,总结此次地震震区的地质构造和地形地貌特点。通过对震区开展房屋结构、房屋震害、地震次生地质灾害等调查,评定地震烈度及灾害损失。分析表明,广西靖西M_s5.2级地震为主余震型地震,余震强度大,分布集中。此次地震烈度Ⅵ度区虽面积不大,但震害较严重。此外,分析还表明地质地貌条件和抗震设防的差异会造成较大的震害差异。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-