考虑非线性累积损伤的桥梁疲劳寿命分析

为了准确反映桥梁非线性累积损伤,建立了桥梁非线性累积损伤模型,并分析了模型中主要参数对桥梁疲劳寿命的影响.首先,基于损伤力学理论,引入桥梁非线性累积损伤模型和对应的等效应力幅计算公式.然后,分析模型中主要参数对结构疲劳性能的影响.最后,用桥梁非线性累积损伤模型和Miner模型分析大连某大桥的疲劳性能.研究发现,随着材料参数α的减小,结构损伤增大,并且等效应力幅是影响结构损伤的主要因素.桥梁非线性累积损伤模型能准确反映实际的非线性累积损伤过程,而Miner模型偏保守.     

基于动态剩余S-N曲线的线性疲劳寿命预测模型

为估算结构在变幅载荷下的疲劳寿命,在动态剩余S-N曲线的基础上,结合材料的退化规律,对材料受载过程中的累积疲劳损伤进行了量化,提出了一种预测变幅载荷下线性疲劳损伤预测模型。根据热轧16Mn钢和20Cr2Ni4A标准圆柱齿轮多级载荷下疲劳寿命试验数据,对提出模型的疲劳寿命预测能力进行了验证。结果表明：基于强度退化的线性疲劳寿命预测模型相对传统Miner法则和材料记忆退化累积模型的预测结果更接近试验结果,具有较高的预测精度。     

混凝土疲劳损伤累积神经网络模型

针对混凝土疲劳累积损伤的发展受荷载、材料性质等多种因素影响、很难用显式的数学函数表达的难题，基于神经网络方法提出了一个考虑变幅疲劳的级数和加载顺序影响的混凝土疲劳损伤累积模型，采用神经网络技术描述了其与材料性能、荷载应力间复杂的非线性映射关系，准确反映了混凝土疲劳损伤演变的真实过程，并运用离散系统仿真原理构造了退凝土变幅疲劳寿命预测的智能化仿真系统．该系统可用于结构抗疲劳设计和疲劳可靠性分析、有损结构损伤评估及维修决策．     

确定性疲劳累积损伤理论进展

著名的Miner-Palmgren线性累积损伤理论的提出已有70余年，但由于疲劳问题的复杂性，迄今为止还没有一个模型的工程应用价值能与该理论媲美。疲劳累积损伤理论仍在发展与完善中。文章根据疲劳损伤与疲劳累积损伤理论的特点，将确定性疲劳累积损伤理论分成两大类，即线性累积损伤理论和非线性累积损伤理论，并将主要的非线性累积损伤理论分成五类：a. 基于损伤曲线法的非线性累积损伤理论；b. 基于材料物理性能退化概念的非线性累积损伤理论；c. 基于连续损伤力学概念的非线性累积损伤理论；d. 考虑载荷间相互作用效应的非线性累积损伤理论；e. 基于能量法的非线性累积损伤理论。文章分析了每一类模型中有代表性模型的物理背景，回答了模型在疲劳累积损伤理论中存在的主要问题，简要评述了模型的优缺点，讨论了确定性疲劳累积损伤理论的几个关键问题。     

焊接结构疲劳损伤的实时监测

采用声发射技术监测了焊接梁疲劳试验的过程，准确地监测到了焊缝和应力集中部位处的裂纹萌生及扩展．根据累积声发射振铃计数与时间的关系曲线定义了焊接梁损伤的三个阶段，并在此基础上提出了描述材料疲劳累积损伤的模型．     

预应力混凝土梁疲劳挠度计算的神经网络模型

在分析多种疲劳损伤累积准则的基础之上,针对混凝土材料疲劳损伤发展受多种因素影响,损伤累积过程表现出非线性,难以用较准确的数学函数模型对其进行描述和分析的问题,建立了基于神经网络的预应力混凝土梁疲劳挠度计算的仿真模型,提出了3种仿真模拟方法,并在结合预应力混凝土梁疲劳实验结果分析的基础上,分析了各方法的精度、优势和适用范围.结果表明,3种仿真模型误差范围在5%~15%之间,可用于预应力混凝土桥梁结构抗疲劳设计及疲劳耐久性评估.建议根据不同情况需求选取合理高效的仿真模拟方法.     

CFL增强RC梁的疲劳累积损伤模型

通过碳纤维薄板(CFL)增强钢筋混凝土(RC)梁的三点弯曲疲劳试验,得到了构件疲劳寿命曲线及其跨中挠度、抗弯刚度的演化规律;采用增强梁的剩余抗弯刚度来定义损伤变量,建立了描述其损伤、断裂过程的疲劳累积损伤模型,并对CFL增强RC梁的疲劳损伤演化历程进行了数值分析.结果表明,文中提出的疲劳累积损伤模型能够准确地描述包括混凝土开裂、CFL与混凝土剥离、钢筋屈服等破坏模式在内的CFL增强RC梁的疲劳损伤、破坏过程.     

按预测轴载谱分析沥青路面的疲劳损伤

现行《公路沥青路面设计规范》(JTG D50—2006)轴载等效换算方法难以反映超载、重载交通对路面结构的影响。结构层参数取值未考虑结构层在疲劳过程中的材料损伤,是重载交通沥青路面出现早期破坏的原因之一。采用预测轴载谱和Miner法则,计算分析了路面结构的疲劳损伤累积过程,并考虑不同使用阶段路面基层模量衰减对路面结构损伤进程的影响。结果表明,半刚性基层厚沥青面层路面结构的疲劳损伤累积进程明显优于目前国内较典型的半刚性基层沥青路面结构。研究结果为重载交通沥青路面结构设计指明了方向。     

基于剩余强度衰减退化的非线性累积损伤准则及其可靠性定寿

零件的疲劳破坏是一个损伤逐步累积、承载能力逐步下降的过程,其疲劳强度随其承受的载荷和频次而不断衰减.通过研究疲劳过程中材料剩余强度衰减退化的规律,从疲劳损伤的定义出发,把剩余强度退化通过一个衰减系数引入到损伤的定义中,提出考虑材料强度性能退化的非线性累积损伤模型来修正Corten-Dolan理论模型.该模型不但考虑了载荷间的相互作用效应,而且还考虑了载荷加载历史引起的强度退化的影响.同时提出了一种基于剩余强度衰减退化的零件疲劳寿命可靠性分析方法,即在假设剩余强度分布服从对数正态分布下,用零件的剩余疲劳损伤强度计算疲劳可靠度和预测零件疲劳可靠性寿命.通过基于修正Corten-Dolan模型的疲劳寿命预测和算例对比分析,该模型完善了传统Corten-Dolan理论模型的适用范围,提高了预测精度.以恒幅载荷作用下的疲劳可靠性描述为例,通过对比模型分析值和实验值,证实了基于剩余强度衰减退化的疲劳寿命可靠性分析模型的可行性,并可以推广至多级载荷作用下的疲劳可靠性寿命的预测.     

基于声发射监测的316LN不锈钢的疲劳损伤评价

疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展容易导致压力容器及管道的严重疲劳失效.因此就设备的安全可靠性而言,非常有必要对疲劳裂纹扩展过程进行监测,并对疲劳损伤程度进行评估.本文针对316LN不锈钢材料进行疲劳实验研究,利用直流电位法测量实验中的裂纹长度,得到了材料的疲劳裂纹扩展曲线.利用声发射技术对疲劳裂纹扩展过程进行监测,通过声发射多参数分析对疲劳损伤状态进行评价,同时建立了声发射参数与线弹性断裂力学参数之间的关系,并进行寿命预测.研究表明:声发射能够对316LN不锈钢的疲劳裂纹损伤进行有效评估,声发射累积参数如累积计数、累积能量和累积幅值曲线上的转折点标志着疲劳裂纹进入快速扩展阶段,这可以为工程人员提供失效预警;声发射波形和频谱分析表明,噪声信号的幅值较小且信号持续时间较长,信号包含的频率成分比较复杂,而裂纹扩展信号是突发型信号,衰减较快,信号频率主要集中在80～170 kHz范围内;声发射计数率、能量率和幅值率与应力强度因子幅度以及疲劳裂纹扩展速率之间呈线性关系,裂纹长度预测结果与实测值接近.本研究工作对于工程结构的疲劳失效预警和剩余寿命预测具有重要意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.